In 2013, ZF Friedrichshafen AG was launching the world's first nine-speed automatic transmission (9HP) for passenger cars with front-transverse drive. With the two planned model ranges, the compact innovation covers a torque range between 200 and 480 Nm. Thanks to its modular concept, the basic transmission can be upgraded as required. This allows different starting elements and four-wheel driv...

In this paper we describe a production system model of children's development on the balance scale task. Starting with a set of rules that makes random predictions, the system iearns from its errors and improves as it gains experience. The transition mechanism is a discrimination process that searches for differences between cases in which correct predictions are made and cases in which errors ...

When a symmetric top is set spinning with angular velocity ω c about its own axis, it traces out a circle about a vertical direction with angular velocity ω z , as shown in Fig. 1. In most textbooks [1, 2, 3] the precessional angular velocity ω z is calculated under the assumption that it is much smaller than the spin angular velocity ω c . This makes for a simplification of the calculation by ...

This paper describes a model-based pressure and torque control concept for innovative pneumatically driven actuators with rotary elastic chambers. These soft-actuators have been developed to operate in human environment, especially for physical interaction with people in service and rehabilitation tasks. Owing to the inherent compliancy of the working chambers, these actuators possess additiona...

For asynchronous machines, 20% of the failures are due to the rotor [1] and particularly the end-ring fault of cage motors. Studies [2,4] have shown that a rotor fault generates flux harmonics which induce in term of harmonics in the stator currents. So, the analysis of the torque which is the product of these two quantities, must give a better information on the faults. In this paper a new tec...

The multi-degrees of freedom surface permanent-magnet motor (Multi-D.O.F. SPM) has several degrees of freedom operations that are defined as the “roll”, “yaw”, and “pitch”. Normally, the torque that is generated to rotate a rotor includes ripples. The analysis of the torque ripples is important for improving motor performance. In terms of the electric analysis, torque ripple occurs as a result ...

A goal of our research is to produce a light-weight, low-cost five fingered robotic hand that has similar degrees of freedom as a human hand. The joints in the fingers of the developed robotic hand are powered by a newly proposed strings transmission named “Twist Drive”. The transmission converts torque into a pulling force by using a pair of strings that twist on each other. The basic characte...

1 We present a three-dimensional study of the torque transmitted between tile permanent magnets 2 uniformly magnetized. All this study is based on the Coulombian model. The torque is calculated semi3 analytically by considering all the surface densities that appear on the tiles. In addition, no simplifying 4 assumptions are done in the expressions given in this paper. Consequently, the evaluati...

Grinding is a key physical element in America’s Cup sailing. This study aimed to describe kinematics and muscle activation patterns in relation to torque applied in forward and backward grinding. Ten male America’s Cup sailors (33.6 ̆ 5.7 years, 97.9 ̆ 13.4 kg, 186.6 ̆ 7.4 cm) completed forward and backward grinding on a customised grinding ergometer. In forward grinding peak torque (77 Nm) occ...

One of the constraints that severely limit the capability of highly redundant manipulator arms is the actuator torque limits. This paper presents a way to achieve large effective forces from weak actuators by exploiting large mechanical advantage that results from systems near singularities. While large mechanical advantages have been applied near singularities in many instances, this method al...