Researchers often hold out data from the estimation of econometric models to use for external validation. In this paper we examine possible rationales for this practice. For concreteness, two examples are considered. The first example (Todd and Wolpin (2008)) is taken from the microeconometrics literature. Suppose the goal is to evaluate the impact of a monetary subsidy to low-income households...

PROBLEM The Chinese central government launched the Health System Reform Plan in 2009 to strengthen disease control and health promotion and provide a package of basic public health services. Village doctors receive a modest subsidy for providing public health services associated with the package. Their beliefs about this subsidy and providing public health services could influence the quality ...

The risk of supply disruptions due to suppliers’ financial problems plays a prominent role in manufacturers’ risk portfolios. Even large suppliers (e.g. Delphi) could file for bankruptcy, and manufacturer’s actions, such as financial subsidies to the suppliers, affect profoundly suppliers’ financial health. Using a dynamic, stochastic, periodic-review model of the manufacturer’s joint capacity ...

Ecosystems are linked to neighbouring ecosystems not only by dispersal, but also by the movement of subsidy. Such subsidy couplings between ecosystems have important landscape-scale implications because perturbations in one ecosystem may affect community structure and functioning in neighbouring ecosystems via increased/decreased subsidies. Here, we combine a general theoretical approach based ...

BACKGROUND The success in learning of emergency depends on many factors that can be summarized as: student, instructors and course. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of financial subsidy and venue of course in learning cardiovascular emergency. METHODS Data were analyzed regarding the courses of Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) in the period from December 2005 to December 2006. In agr...

The concern over population decline has led Taiwan government to examine how and to what extent pronatalist policies could reverse the trend. The exclusive provision of the education subsidy to government employees allows us to examine whether the availability of the education subsidy explains differences in fertility behavior between public-sector and private-sector households. In 1996, the go...

We evaluated several variants of a variable biofuel subsidy and compared them with the fixed subsidy and Renewable Fuel Standard. We used two different modeling approaches. First we used a partial equilibrium model encompassing crude oil, gasoline, ethanol, corn, and ethanol by-products. Second, we used a stochastic simulation model of a prototypical ethanol plant. From the partial equilibrium ...

The low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) is the largest project-based housing subsidy in the United States. Within the program, private developers receive a subsidy in exchange for constructing apartment units that rent for a predetermined affordable rate. Because the subsidy requires apartment buildings to charge a lower rental rate, the opportunity cost of developing subsidized housing in a ...