In the last decade, researchers have gained a greater understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of type 2 diabetes as a chronic and progressive disease. One of the more recent treatment targets is the kidney. The kidneys become maladaptive in diabetes by increasing the reabsorption of glucose above the normal physiologic renal threshold. This discovery has led to the development of the s...

INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world, with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a greatly negative socioeconomic impact. Although there are several classes of oral antidiabetic agents, most of the patients are outside the therapeutic goal range. OBJECTIVE To review the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes me...

Abstract Background A metabolomic study in the human heart suggested a pivotal role of amino acid (AA) metabolism fatty oxidation, which is dysregulated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and failure. We previously reported that aberrant up-regulation AMP deaminase 3 (AMPD3) impairs cardiac energetics T2DM hearts, AMPD3 was recently shown to be activated by fasting promote AA oxidation skeletal mu...

BACKGROUND: Oral semaglutide is the first oral formulation of a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist to be approved in United States for glycemic control people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While not indicated reduction cardiovascular event risk, its label does include evidence no increase risk who received semaglutide. OBJECTIVE: To estimate incremental value added existin...

Acute pancreatitis is a rapid onset inflammatory process of the pancreas which may have local and systemic manifestations. The most common causes acute are gallstones alcohol use. Other include drug-induced. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors class oral hypoglycemic agents approved by FDA for treating diabetes heart failure. 56-year-old, female patient known to uncontrolled type ...