The recent increase in international trade and travel has resulted in an increase in direct public health crisis. The 2009 pandemic influenza provided a clear-cut picture of the impact of an emerging infectious disease to the world, which is why the World Health Organization recommended each of its member state to provide the national pandemic influenza preparedness and response plan [1]. In Ko...

RAUL-ALLAN KIIVET, MARJA-LIISA DAHL, ADRIÁN LLERENA, MATTI MAIMETS, BJO8 RN WETTERMARK and ROLAND BERECZ From the Departments of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Uni6ersity of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Di6ision of Clinical Pharmacology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Utilization, Research and Clinical Pharmacological Ser6ices, Karolinska Institute and Hospital Pharmacy, Huddinge Uni6ersit...

We review recent research on the pathology, ecology, and biogeography of two emerging infectious wildlife diseases, chytridiomycosis and ranaviral disease, in the context of host-parasite population biology. We examine the role of these diseases in the global decline of amphibian populations and propose hypotheses for the origins and impact of these panzootics. Finally, we discuss emerging infe...

1 Novartis Foundation, Novartis Campus, Basel, Switzerland, 2 School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom, 3 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America, 4 PATH, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 5 Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, Unite...

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), the majority of which are zoonotic, represent a tremendous challenge for public health and biosurveillance infrastructure across the globe. Due to the complexity of zoonotic pathogens, it is essential that research and response to EIDs be a transdisciplinary effort. And while crisis and circumstance may be the initial catalyst for responding to an outbreak, ...

Intergenerational gap refers to the disturbance and crisis in the cultural sequence of generations, which leads to conflict in terms of values and norms between parents and children. Until recently, this phenomenon has not been considered a serious issue in Iranian society and the continuation of similar thought patterns through the generations has prevented the emergence of distance and variou...

since the mid-19 th century, human activities have increased greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide in the earth's atmosphere that resulted in increased average temperature. the effects of rising temperature include soil degradation, loss of productivity of agricultural land, desertification, loss of biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems, reduced fresh-water resou...