PURPOSE This study was to clarify the effect of age and competition level by measuring bone metabolism markers and bone mineral density measurements of junior high school and high school female rhythmic gymnasts, who restrict their diets to maintain a low body weight, while routinely undertaking long hours of high-intensity exercise, comparing the gymnasts based on their elite/non-elite. METH...

BACKGROUND Asthma is frequent in elite athletes and clinical studies in athletes have found increased airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE To investigate asthma-like symptoms, airway inflammation, airway reactivity (AR) to mannitol and use of asthma medication in Danish elite athletes. METHODS The study group consisted of 54 elite athletes (19 with doctor-diagnosed asthma), 22 non-athletes with d...

This study looked at the relationship between athletic identity and three levels of sport participation (elite, recreational, non-participation). Athletic identity was measured using the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) with participants being compared on the total AIMS score and scores on its three factors (social identity, exclusivity, negative affectivity). Results indicated that t...

The ACTN3 gene is one of the genes that have a potential influence on physical performance. Studies have shown that the 577R genotype of ACTN3 is more prevalent in sprint athletes, while the 577X genotype is more prevalent in endurance athletes. In swimming, both power and endurance related phenotypes are equally needed for swimmers to excel at the elite level. Therefore, the ACTN3 R577X polymo...

This paper, commencing with the revision of classical concepts on democracy, puts forward that democracy is not only the aim but also a kind of means and method, based on which the paper further analyzes the shaping of democracy, and points out that elite democracy is an inevitable trend and that the role and function that elite democracy plays in the process of democratization is the exhibitio...

An elite athlete is a rare combination of talent, hard work and the right psychological profile. In sports today, everyone knows the best training methods, has access to the best facilities and most nutritional foods. Often the difference between the good and the elite is the mental qualities of the athletes. The focus of this paper is on three psychological characteristics athletes: confidence...

Socially, the word"elite" is broadly used to refer to a superior group of peopleregarding skills or privileges and associates with other terms such aspolitical systems, "authorities", "minority favorite".Elites are cautious and opportunistic people. They are in every way and situationregarded as people's favorites. Focusing on concept of “elite” and “elitism”, theauthor in this paper, attempts ...

Elite controllers spontaneously maintain undetectable levels of HIV-1 replication for reasons that remain unclear. Here, we show that in elite controllers, direct ex vivo infection of purified CD4 T cells without prior in vitro activation results in disproportionately low levels of integrated HIV-1 DNA relative to the quantity of reverse transcripts, while the levels of two-long terminal repeat...

This study aimed to identify characteristics of match performance and physical ability that discriminate between elite and subelite under-14 soccer players. Players were assessed for closed performance and movement, physiological responses, and technical actions during matches. Elite players covered more total m·min-1 (115.7 ± 6.6 cf. 105.4 ± 7.7 m·min-1) and high-intensity m·min-1 (elite = 14....