the implementation of economic projects by targeting the subsidies can have a great effect on the costcompetitiveness of the industries and their products. the global steel industry has been considered as a basickey industry in the industrialized countries. it is also among the industries that may be seriously affected by theenforcement of subsidies. this industry, requiring energy and high-tec...

Abstract Background More than 30 states have either expanded Medicaid or are actively considering expansion. The coverage gains from this policy well documented, however, the impacts of its increasing on poverty disparity unclear at national level. Method American Community Survey (2012–2018) was used to examine effects expansion in insurance for nonelderly adults United States. Differences-in-...

The effects of government subsidies are examined in a spatial duopoly with a conventional and an electronic retailer. The Nash equilibrium is first determined and then the optimal cost subsidy rates are computed that maximize social welfare. The stability of the equilibrium is also investigated and it is shown that in the case of delayed information there is the possibility of cyclic behavior.

An essential challenge for many developing countries is improvement of water supply system to ensure urban water supply safety and reliability. Penalty, subsidy and water price increase are often considered as the main incentive measures for improving urban water supply system. However, the implementation of these policies is confronting some uncertainties because of the conflicts of involved a...

As public intervention is a pervasive influence on food prices, this paper asks whether and how the inefficiency of state institutions matters to food prices. In the context of the wheat subsidy scheme in India, the paper models the implications of quality differences between public and private grain supply. As both are procured at similar prices, the lower quality of public grain marks the ine...

The existing theoretical literature provides little justi…cation for a corporate debt subsidy. We illustrate the welfare bene…t of this subsidy and study how the social costs and bene…ts change with the duration of industry distress. In our model, two …rms engage in socially wasteful competition for survival in a declining industry. Firms di¤er on two dimensions: exogenous productivity and endo...

Weconsider how the government should set the fine for copying, tax on copyingmedium, and subsidy on legitimate purchases, whereas a monopoly publisher sets price and spending on detection. There are two segments of potential software users—ethical users who will not copy, and unethical users who would copy if the benefit outweighs the cost. In deciding on policy, the government must consider ho...

Persistently high youth unemployment is one of the most pressing problems in South Africa. The South African government has proposed an employer wage subsidy to address the issue. We prospectively analyze such a policy. Recognizing that a credible estimate of the policy’s impact requires a model of the labor market that itself generates high unemployment in equilibrium, we estimate a structural...

Environmental policies with output-based refunding of the revenues effectively combine a tax on emissions with a subsidy to output. Three similar forms exist: tradable performance standards, an emissions tax with rebates, and tradable permits with output-based allocation. Two arguments for including an output subsidy are imperfect competition, in which an environmental regulation alone could ex...