Few other analytical methods have expanded so rapidly as electron probe microanalysis during the past 10 years. The number of elements that can be determined or detected extends from beryllium to uranium and concentrations in the range 0.1—100 per cent can be dealt with. This has been made possible by the introduction of new analysing crystals and counting systems. The application of computer p...

Reducing the measurement uncertainty of quantitative analyses made using electron probe microanalyzers (EPMA) requires a careful study of the individual uncertainties from each definable step of the measurement. Those steps include measuring the incident electron beam current and voltage, knowing the angle between the electron beam and the sample (takeoff angle), collecting the emitted x rays f...

BACKGROUND There are a number of studies citing the primary reason for replacing auto cure glass ionomer cements was due to recurrent caries. The purpose of this study was to use an in vitro model to measure caries at the dentine restoration interface of bonded composite resin and auto cure glass ionomer cement restorations and to measure the amount of surface degradation occurring in the resto...

BACKGROUND There have been numerous attempts to demonstrate the phenomenon of ion exchange between auto cure glass ionomer cements (GICs) and dentine. The purpose of this study was to employ an electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) technique to examine the interchange of elements between non-demineralized dentine and two types of restorative material, auto cure GICs and a resin composite. METHO...

The ground-state electronic order in doped manganites is frequently associated with a lattice modulation, contributing to their many interesting properties. However, measuring the thermal evolution of the lattice superstructure with reciprocal-space probes alone can lead to ambiguous results with competing interpretations. Here we provide direct observations of the evolution of the superstructu...

We introduce a new paradigm for one-dimensional uniform electron gases (UEGs). In this model, n electrons are confined to a ring and interact via a bare Coulomb operator. We use Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory to show that, in the high-density regime, the ground-state reduced (i.e., per electron) energy can be expanded as ε(r(s),n)=ε0(n)r(s)(-2)+ε1(n)r(s)(-1)+ε2(n)+ε3(n)r(s+)⋯ , where ...

1 Device fabrication details.

Bio-orthogonal labelling schemes based on inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition have attracted much attention in chemical biology recently. The appealing features of this reaction, such as the fast reaction kinetics, fully bio-orthogonal nature and high selectivity, have helped chemical biologists gain deeper understanding of biochemical processes at the molecular level. Lis...

Quantitative electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) by wavelength dispersive spectrometry of light elements is a significant challenge due to difficulties signal extraction for low intensities. Therefore, good choice measurement parameters and suitable treatment, accurate background description interference correction are crucial. For elements, peak ratios (P/B) can easily approach unity special c...

Lithium aluminum oxide has previously been identified to be a suitable compound recover lithium (Li) from Li-ion battery recycling slags. Its formation is hampered in the presence of high concentrations manganese (9 wt.% MnO2). In this study, mock-up slags system Li2O-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnOx with up 17 mol% MnO2-content were prepared. The (Mn)-bearing phases characterized inductively coupled pl...