A simple upper limb control strategy to guide reaching in preparation to grasp for tetraplegic subjects is proposed. The control is based on new studies of self-paced human arm movements involving rotations about the shoulder and elbow joints. An experimental study of reaching, while grasping, by able-bodied humans, allowed us to reduce the dimensionality of the control vector from two to a sin...

PURPOSE To further the understanding of double poling (DP) through biomechanical analysis of upper and lower body movements during DP in cross-country (XC) skiing at racing speed. METHODS Eleven elite XC skiers performed DP at 85% of their maximal DP velocity (V85%) during roller skiing at 1 degrees inclination on a treadmill. Pole and plantar ground reaction forces, joint angles (elbow, hip,...

BACKGROUND The overhead throwing athlete has unique range of motion characteristics of the shoulder and elbow. Numerous theories exist to explain these characteristics; however, the precise cause is not known. Although it is accepted that range of motion is altered, the acute effect of baseball pitching on shoulder and elbow range of motion has not been established. HYPOTHESIS There will be a...

PURPOSE To determine the effects of whey protein before and during resistance exercise (RE) on body composition and strength in young adults. METHODS Participants were randomized to ingest whey protein (PRO; 0.3 g/kg protein; n = 9, 24.58 ± 1.8 yr, 88.3 ± 17.1 kg, 172.5 ± 8.0 cm) or placebo (PLA; 0.2 g/kg cornstarch maltodextrin + 0.1 g/kg sucrose; n = 8, 23.6 ± 4.4 yr, 82.6 ± 16.1 kg, 169.4 ...