at the beginning of twenty-first century, the water crisis in the priority policy andmanagement is inside and outside of the country as principle thoroughly human, social,economic and political rulers of the country is considered abundant. the world bank hasannounced that during 1960 and 2025, water resources in middle east, from 3430 m3 for theeach person in year reach to 667 m3 because of pop...

Three different delivery concepts (standard diffusion, global electrodynamic precipitation, and localized nanolens-based precipitation) and three different SERS enhancement layers (a silver film, a nanolens-based localized silver nanoparticle film, and the standard AgFON) are compared. The nanolens concept is applied to increase the SERS signal: a factor of 633, when compared to a standard mech...

Precise spatio-temporal measurements of rainfall during seasonal monsoons are critical for accurate hydrologic analyses in the tropical regions of Southeast Asia. The use of satellite precipitation data is technologically sound but requires downscaling to minimize inherent uncertainties. The uncertainties at a local climate regime that are essential to be resolved are rarely reported; consequen...

Various nanostructured sensor designs currently aim to achieve or claim single molecular detection by a reduction of the active sensor size. However, a reduction of the sensor size has the negative effect of reducing the capture probability considering the diffusion-based analyte transport commonly used. Here we introduce and apply a localized programmable electrodynamic precipitation concept a...

BACKGROUND Field-scale changes in the water footprint during crop growth play an important role in formulating sustainable water utilisation strategies. This study aimed to explore field-scale variation in the water footprint of growing sunflowers in the western Jilin Province, China, during a 3-year field experiment. The goals of this study were to (1) determine the components of the 'blue' an...

We investigate a two-dimensional micro-scale model for crystal dissolution and precipitation in a porous medium. The model contains a free boundary and allows for changes in the pore volume. Using a level-set formulation of the free boundary, we apply a formal homogenization procedure to obtain upscaled equations. For general micro-scale geometries, the homogenized model that we obtain falls in...

This paper examines the incremental global climate response of black carbon (BC), the main component of soot, due to absorption and scattering by BC inclusions within cloud and precipitation particles. Modeled soot is emitted as an externally mixed aerosol particle. It evolves to an internal mixture through condensation, hydration, dissolution, dissociation, crystallization, aqueous chemistry, ...

At oxic/anoxic transition zones, manganese release from (hydr)oxide minerals into aqueous solution is a dynamic balance between mineral dissolution and Mn2+(aq) oxidation and precipitation, which are processes respectively promoted by organic reductants and molecular oxygen. We employ a flow-through atomic force microscope reactor (AFM-R) to investigate the reductive dissolution of the [010] su...