Isolated limb reduction defects occur in approximately 1 in 2000 live births within which central ray anomalies are an important subgroup. Most affected persons have mild or moderate functional impairment. Considerable psychological morbidity may also occur. While there have been major strides forwards in our understanding of vertebrate limb development, the mechanisms responsible for central r...

Inbreeding may lead to morphological malformations in a wide variety of taxa. We used genetic markers to evaluate whether malformed urodeles were more inbred and/or had less genetic diversity than normal salamanders. We captured 687 adult and 1,259 larval tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum), assessed each individual for gross malformations, and surveyed genetic variation among malfo...

Congenital deficiency of the tibia (tibial hemimelia, aplasia, or dysplasia) also known as long bone deficiency is a rare and severe lower limb malformation, with an incidence of approximately 1:1,000,000 live births. It is characterized by lack of part or the entire tibia, with relatively intact fibula. Usually the affected leg is rotated externally and the ventral surface of the foot faces th...

The term “limb deficiency” incorporates absence and/or size reduction of any of the 120 human limb bones, with around 205 identified nosologic entities. Of these, the GollopWolfgang Complex (GWC) is a rare abnormality comprising absence of tibia and ipsilateral forked femur with ectrodactyly. There is scarcity of literature implicating antiepileptic drugs in the etiology of GWC but the teratoge...

Isolated limb reduction defects occur in approximately 1 in 2000 live births within which central ray anomalies are an important subgroup. Most affected persons have mild or moderate functional impairment. Considerable psychological morbidity may also occur. While there have been major strides forwards in our understanding of vertebrate limb development, the mechanisms responsible for central r...