Emission trading schemes like the European Union Emissions Trading System (EUETS) try to reconcile economic efficiency and ecological efficiency by creating financial incentives for companies to invest in climate-friendly innovations. Using real options methodology we demonstrate that under uncertainty economic and ecological efficiency are still mutually exclusive. This problem is even tighten...

The health care spending share of gross domestic product (GDP) remained steady between 1993 and 1999 as moderate-to-strong economic growth coincided with a rapid shift to managed care. This shift, along with decelerating growth in Medicare spending, appears to have generated a mostly one-time saving that lowered aggregate health expenditure growth.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Despite the clinical benefits of using standard (non-disease specific) oral nutritional supplements (ONS) in the community and care homes, there is uncertainty about their economic consequences. METHODS A systematic review was undertaken according to recommended procedures to assess whether ONS can produce cost savings and cost-effective outcomes. RESULTS 19 publications w...

In this paper, we present a model economy that can account for the changes in the current account balance in China since the early 2000s. Our results suggest that the increase in the household saving rate and tighter financial constraints facing the firms played equally important roles in the increase in the current account surplus until 2008. We argue that inadequate insurance through governme...

BACKGROUND Influenza is a major cause of illness, disruption to daily life, and work absenteeism among healthy working adults aged between 18 and 64 years. This group is not included among the traditional priority groups for annual vaccination. Immunization rates remain low. OBJECTIVE To assess the economic implications of a strategy for annual vaccination of this group. METHODS Using the s...

Much controversy has developed recently over capital formation and the claim that the eocial security system has reduced savings and a3 a reeult the potential for economic growth in this country. Concerned that there was much misunderstanding with respect to the subject, the Comm483ioner of Social Security asked the Ofice of Reeearch and Statietics to make a presentation to top-level stag to cl...

The Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NX region) of Northwestern China is threatened by increased meteorological drought induced by climate change (CC) and constraints on water supply from the Yellow River. Thus, the NX region is representative of attempts to adapt to CC and variability in China’s arid regions. Field visits, a questionnaire and in situ inspections were conducted in 2012–2014 to un...

We propose an analytical model of multi-store shoppers buying items from their shopping lists; specifically, “common items” that are available at competing stores. Multi-store shoppers buy some common items at the first store they visit, others are deferred to a competing store. These buying decisions depend on the prices observed at the first store and uncertainty about savings if purchases ar...

We have studied numerically the statistical mechanics of the dynamic phenomena, including money circulation and economic mobility, in some transfer models. The models on which our investigations were performed are the basic model proposed by A. Drăgulescu and V. Yakovenko [1], the model with uniform saving rate developed by A. Chakraborti and B.K. Chakrabarti [2], and its extended model with di...