Throughout the developed world, economic evaluation of costly new pharmaceuticals and medical devices became increasingly widespread and systematic during the 1990s. However, serious concerns remain about the validity and relevance of this economic evidence, and about the transparency and accountability of its use in public sector reimbursement decisions. In this article, we summarise current c...

Analyses of the actual or potential economic impacts of government R&D programs have used a number of distinctly different methodologies, which has led to considerable confusion and controversy. In addition, particular methodologies have been applied with different levels of expertise, resulting in widely divergent impact assessments for similar types of R&D projects. With increased emphasis on...

in iran’s system of tripartite collective bargaining, does the wage-policy maker consistently react optimally to the best move made by the exchange rate-policy maker (nash-rule) or only to the state of economy (non-nash rule)?. this paper not only investigates the nature of the political game (nash rule against non-nash rule) but also estimates some structural parameters by using 2sls method an...

unbalanced multilateralism should be considered as a part of the west world’s strategic policy to confine iran’s economic and international capabilities. indications of unbalanced multilateralism in iran’s economic sanction policymaking are focused on executive mechanisms and america and eu’s legislative bodies. although america and eu have relatively identical strategic objectives toward islam...

This research examines government policies and urban transformation in China through a study of Hangzhou City, which is undergoing dramatic growth and restructuring. As the southern center of the Yangtze River Delta, an emerging global city region of China, Hangzhou has been restlessly searching for strategies to promote economic growth and survive the competition with Shanghai. This paper anal...

In recent decades, the number of published health economic studies – especially economic evaluation studies – in the field of integrated care has increased substantially. One thesis summary has been published in the current issue of IJIC [1]. In general, these studies do not focus on developing innovative health economic methodologies, beyond the current state of art, but instead apply traditio...