A goal of economic research is to determine the causal relationship among economic variables. This paper introduces the Hausman speci cation test of endogeneity, for testing the independence between the stochastic regressor and the disturbances. We describe alternative approaches to estimating simultaneous-equation systems and we present an empirical example of economic growth and health that n...

This paper provides an overview of the dimensions of immigration into industrialised countries, its principal determinants and its economic impacts on the host countries. Furthermore, it assesses the state of social and political (voting) rights for immigrants in Western Europe. Finally, it reports findings in the economic literature concerning the influence of immigrant voting on economic outc...