Indicators are critical for monitoring the health of humans. They also are critical for monitoring the health of ecological systems, society, and the economy. Indicators provide vital signs to citizens and decision-makers about trends in the condition of human, social, and natural capital. Indicators of health can be used as an early warning system of risks to human health and hence of the sust...

Many health studies use aggregate data such as the means or totals for areal units or zones when individual level data are not available. An ecological analysis using these data typically produces estimates that differ from those obtained using the corresponding individual level analysis. This is due to the modifiable area unit problem (MAUP) whereby the results of the analysis depend on the sc...

Abstract Community forest (HKm) is a social forestry scheme located in the country’s forests by empowering people around areas. Management carried out communities must enhance ecological aspects with sustainable management Forest health can be an option to support management. Through assessment, one find status, changes, and tendencies experienced forest. This research aims value of status comm...