During Angela Merkel’s term as Chancellor, Germany did not play a leading role in the realm of security and defense; moreover, estrangement with German government’s allies based on its attitude towards Putin’s Russia slowly grew. Since Russia’s war against Ukraine began, situation has changed dramatically. This article will show different reactions Visegrád 4 (V4) countries (Poland, Czech Repub...

To understand the Historical European Martial Arts (HEMA) community, its weapon disciplines, organisational structure and gender, a HEMA census was conducted in 2021 for Germany Austria 2019 Germany. The captures 3186 practitioners training 124 locations 801 34 Austria. It is most comprehensive detailed dataset of kind to date. shows that groups are organised as an independent Verein or part um...

BACKGROUND Genome-wide data provide a powerful tool for inferring patterns of genetic variation and structure of human populations. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we analysed almost 250,000 SNPs from a total of 945 samples from Eastern and Western Finland, Sweden, Northern Germany and Great Britain complemented with HapMap data. Small but statistically significant differences were observed...

In 2008/2009 a nationwide cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted to assess, among other health-relevant parameters, seasonal influenza vaccination coverage. Data from 21,262 household-interviews representative of the adult population in Germany were collected and analyzed. In seasons 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, vaccine uptake in individuals aged ≥60 years was 57% and 55% and in individuals...

Data from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the ill health concentration index (CI) were used to examine income-related health inequalities among Koreans. Participants (>19 years old) were requested to provide information regarding monthly household income, expenditures, subjective living conditions, and health status. Ill health was determined both subjective...

City shrinkage is one of the thorny problems that many European cities have to face with nowadays. It is mainly expressed as the decrease of population in these cities. Eastern Germany is one of the pioneers of European shrinking cities with long shrinking history. The paper selects one representative shrinking city Halle (Saale) in eastern Germany as research objective, collecting and investig...

The federal state of Mecklenburg Western Pomerania is located in the north-eastern part of Germany encompassing an area of 23.213 km2 (Figure 1). Mecklenburg Western Pomerania is considered as rural area with 1.599.138 inhabitants (31.12.2014) corresponding to 69 inhabitants per km2 1). In 2014, the unemployment rate was 11.2% (in comparison: In 2014, the unemployment rate in Germany was 6.7%)1...

Abstract This study proposes a new measure of wage risk based on estimated probabilities to earn an hourly that is below some specific lower quantile the distribution. Using German SOEP as information rich data base, we determine risks overall and for nine job categories during period from 1992 until 2015. We find low-wage workers in Germany are worse off after Hartz reforms. In Western this ev...

The Continental West Germanic Languages include the standard varieties of Dutch, Frisian, and High German, as well as a large number of non-standard varieties, the more familiar of which are the dialects spoken in Belgium and the South of the Netherlands (Flemish, Brabantish, Limburgian), Northern Germany (Low German), the Rhine Valley (Luxemburgish), South-Eastern Germany and Austria (e.g. Bav...

Relative wages have changed dramatically after the collapse of communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. Though the basic facts have been well documented, little is known about their underlying causes. This paper studies the determinants of the gender wage gap in East Germany and its evolution over time. In contrast to most other transition economies, wage di¤erentials between East Germa...