This paper deals with an innovative experimental study performed on glued-laminated timber (GLT) beams, machined and made three tropical hardwood species. Defect-free beams were obtained by combining alternatively the lamellas taken from densest to least dense species, have TRIO DUO specimens. Then, static 3-point bending tests these assess their mechanical properties reliability. Finally, shea...

In rat frontal cortex, extracellular levels of glutamate are raised by the anti-psychotic drug clozapine. We have recently shown that a significant reduction in the levels of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 may be one of the mechanisms responsible for this elevation. Here we studied whether GLT-1 down-regulation induced by chronic clozapine treatment is associated with changes in the expression...

This paper concerns the spectral analysis of matrix-sequences that are generated by discretization and numerical approximation partial differential equations (PDEs), in case domain is a generic Peano-Jordan measurable set. It observed such often present symbol, function describing asymptotic behaviour eigenvalues. When hypercube, can be conducted using theory generalized locally Toeplitz (GLT) ...

BACKGROUND Patients with neuropathic pain show reduced endogenous analgesia induced by a conditioned noxious stimulus. Here, the authors tested whether peripheral nerve injury impairs descending noradrenergic inhibition from the locus coeruleus (LC) after L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats. METHODS A subdermal injection of capsaicin was used to examine noxious stimulation-induced analg...

PURPOSE High levels of glutamate can be toxic to retinal ganglion cells. Effective buffering of extracellular glutamate by retinal glutamate transporters is therefore important. This study was conducted to investigate whether glutamate transporter changes occur with two models of optic nerve injury in the rat. METHODS Glaucoma was induced in one eye of 35 adult Wistar rats by translimbal diod...

A classic understanding of neurotransmitter clearance at glutamatergic synapses is that, in order to ensure sufficient glutamate uptake on a fast timescale, it is necessary to have high numbers of glutamate transporters in the vicinity of release sites to compensate for their slow transport kinetics. Using a combination of single molecule imaging and electrophysiological approaches, we now chal...

Pre-ischemic treadmill training exerts cerebral protection in the prevention of cerebral ischemia by alleviating neurotoxicity induced by excessive glutamate release following ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism of this process remains unclear. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was observed in a rat model after 2 weeks of pre-ischemic treadmill training. Cerebrospinal fluid wa...

Eukaryotic cells utilize an arsenal of processive transport systems to deliver macromolecules to specific subcellular sites. In prokaryotes, such transport mechanisms have only been shown to mediate gliding motility, a form of microbial surface translocation. Here, we show that the motility function of the Myxococcus xanthus Agl-Glt machinery results from the recent specialization of a versatil...

One of the major players in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia is disrupted homeostasis of glutamatergic neurotransmission, resulting in elevated extracellular glutamate (Glu) concentrations and excitotoxicity-related cell death. In the brain, Glu concentrations are regulated by Glu transporters, including Glu transporter-1 (GLT-1) and cystine/Glu antiporter (system xc-). Modulation of th...

BACKGROUND Xiao Yao San (XYS) is an herbal prescription which is used in the treatment of depression for thousands of years from Song dynasty in China (960-1127 A.D.), and is the bestselling and most popular herb formula for treating major depression. This study aimed to assess the chronic antidepressant effects of XYS and fluoxetine in depressed mice induced by chronic unpredictable mild stres...