Botulinum toxin injections are the most effective approach for the treatment of focal dystonia. Despite growing demand and clinical indications over the years, there are few reports or publications of its use and benefit to patients seen at the Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS (Unified Health System). Analyzing the Datasus data (Unified Health System Information Department of Brazilian Ministry of ...

Generalised, multifocal or segmental idiopathic torsion dystonia (ITD), is caused by an autosomal dominant gene with reduced penetrance in about 85% of cases. Of 104 patients with these types of ITD, 17 (16.4%) gave a history which suggested that dystonic movements had been precipitated or exacerbated by trauma. Eight of these 17 patients had affected relatives. If precipitated, dystonia appear...

Tardive laryngeal dystonia, a rare form of dystonic syndrome, was only reported to be induced by typical antipsychotics. Here, we report one case of ziprasidone-induced tardive laryngeal dystonia in a schizophrenic female patient, who showed dysphonia, hoarseness and dyspnea after taking ziprasidone 120 mg/day for 8 months. These symptoms were significantly improved after discontinuing ziprasid...

INTRODUCTION Although syndromes that cause voice tremor have singular characteristics, the differential diagnosis of these diseases is a challenge because of the overlap of the existing signs and symptoms. OBJECTIVE To develop a task-specific protocol to assess voice tremor by means of nasofibrolaryngoscopy and to identify those tasks that can distinguish between essential and dystonic tremor...

AIMS To describe, in the context of DSM-V, how a focus on addiction and compulsion is emerging in the consideration of pathological gambling (PG). METHODS A systematic literature review of evidence for the proposed re-classification of PG as an addiction. RESULTS Findings include: (i) phenomenological models of addiction highlighting a motivational shift from impulsivity to compulsivity ass...

Dystonia is an extrapyramidal motor function disorder characterized by intermittent spasmodic or sustained involuntary muscle contractions of the face, neck, trunk, pelvis and extremities causing repetitive movements and postural abnormalities [1,2]. The abnormal posture may induce significant anxiety and distress for the patient and relatives. In adults, the head and neck muscles are the most ...

Autoimmune limbic encephalitis is a rare cause of encephalitic disease. It is associated with various target antigens and is difficult to diagnose, and experience with its treatment is limited. This case report describes a 69-year-old man, who presented with life-threatening hyponatremia and confusion, following several months of gradually worsening faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Faciobrachia...

Vocal production, which requires the generation and integration of laryngeal and respiratory motor patterns, can be impaired in dystonia, a disorder believed due to dysfunction of sensorimotor pathways in the central nervous system. Herein, we analyze vocal and respiratory abnormalities in the dystonic (dt) rat, a well-characterized model of generalized dystonia. The dt rat is a recessive mutan...