Exploration into the concept of "medical expert" dates back to more than 50 years ago, yet yielding three leading theories in the area of clinical reasoning, namely, knowledge structure, hypothetic-deductive, and dual process. Each theory defines “medical expert” in a dissimilar way. Therefore, the methods of assessment through which the experts are identified have been changed during the tim...

Bradley E. Karlin, PhD Scientific understanding of and treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have come a long way in the past few decades. Not long ago, the diagnostic features and pathophysiology of what we now know as PTSD and previously knew as “shell shock” or “battle fatigue” were poorly understood and treatment was widely considered to be futile. Advancements in our understan...

Soil constitutes the central environmental compartment that, primarily due to anthropogenic activities, is recipient of several contaminants. Among these are organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), which major concern, even though they were banned decades ago their persistence and health effects can elicit. In this review, an overview monitoring studies regarding OCPs in soils published over last 30 ...

clinical neurology has been traditionally considered as an academic speciality in which the specialist regurgitates his/her knowledge of neurology without being able to do much for the patient. this attitude is no longer acceptable. surge of information and discoveries in neurosciences within the last two decades translated into therapeutic interventions which is literally life saving in some o...

Over three decades ago (in a paper published in this Journal), Brown discerned the emergence of ‘parentocracy’, which child’s education is ‘increasingly dependent upon wealth and wishes ...

inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is the term used for a group of diseases with yet unknown etiology, prevalence of which is increasing almost everywhere in the world. the disease was almost non-existent four decades ago in the east, including the middle-east, while now a days it is seen more and more. in addition to the increasing prevalence, our knowledge about its pathogenesis, clinical cours...

Arboviral diseases are a major threat to human and animal health today. Analysis of whole-genome sequences of decades-old arboviral strains may bring new insights into the viral evolution that might have facilitated outbreaks. Here, we report the whole-genome sequences of two Middelburg viruses isolated several decades ago in the Central African Republic.

The “Tianzihao” colony was built by the French Jesuits in 1890s. As one of earliest examples Catholic Church’s mission China, as well only case Nanjing, it shows historical scenes Western missionaries Nanjing 120 years ago. It is a demonstration cultural exchanges between China and West after opened to world late 19th century. In architectural style, Western-style townhouses, but large number t...

The Indus Delta plays an important role in the archaeology of northern coast Arabian Sea. Little was known this region until a few decades ago. first surveys were carried out 1970s and resumed by present author 2010s. They have shown great potential area for interpretation sea-level rise its related human settlement between beginning Holocene Hellenistic period. In territory, several limestone ...