S ynergistic divergence is a well-established clinical condition in which abduction arises on attempted adduction, leading to simultaneous abduction of both eyes on lateral gaze. Synergistic divergence can occur as an extreme form of Duane syndrome, where most if not all oculomotor nerve branch fibers originally directed to the medial rectus muscle innervate the lateral rectus muscle. Synergist...

Purpose: We report the procedure of inferior oblique anterior transposition (IOAT) in the treatment of upshoot in patients with Duane retraction syndrome (DRS). Methods: Two patients with DRS underwent surgery for severe up-shoot. For both patients, the inferior oblique (IO) was transposed to the temporal border of IO insertion. Approximately 64 months of periodic follow-ups for Case 1 and 7 mo...

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue, while Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is a congenital cranial dysinnervation disorder (CCDD) which can be transmitted as autosomal dominant disorder in 5-10% of patients. In this paper, we present an 8-year-old girl who presented with left eye DRS and bilateral subluxation of the lens associated with MFS in absence of...

PURPOSE Neuroimaging findings in Duane's retraction syndrome (DRS), through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), suggest that aplasia of the abducens nerve (VI) can be responsible for several forms of DRS. METHODS Brain MRI was performed in two children of 2.5 and 7 years of age with left sided DRS type II and right sided DRS type I, respectively. 3D T2 weighted images through the brainstem were...

PURPOSE To report the results of using prismatic glasses for Duane retraction syndrome (DRS). METHODS Data were obtained from the records of patients who were evaluated during the year 2000 in the Strabismus Unit of the Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital. The average follow-up was 12.2±17.7 months. In all cases, 2 main variables were evaluated: horizontal deviation in the primary posi...

We report here a patient with type 1 Duane's retraction syndrome and multiple congenital abnormalities as a result of the VACTERL association. The presented combination of Duane's retraction syndrome and the VACTERL association has not been reported in the literature. The present case was instructive for reviewing the continuous spectrum of ocular anomalies that accompany the VACTERL association.

Classes and methods can both be abstract. An abstract class is a class that can not be instantiated, even if all the methods are defined. An abstract method is one that may not have a definition, and a class that has any abstract methods is also abstract. Only derived classes that override any abstract methods may be instantiated. A class that is derived from an abstract class and that does not...