Increases in corn cultivation for biofuels production, due to the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, are likely to lead to increases in nitrate concentrations in both surface and groundwater resources in the United States. These increases might trigger the requirement for additional energy consumption for water treatment to remove the nitrates. While these increasing concentrations o...

background: the purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration of metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, and nickel) in the landfill leachate and heavy metals in wells downstream of municipal solid waste landfill site in the city of mashhad. methods: in both winter and summer seasons in 2009 samples were collected from five wells that were in landfill downstream in mashhad. results...

the physico-chemical parameters, nutrient status and heavy metal ions of huluka and alaltu rivers of ambo, ethiopia were studied. temperature, ph, electrical conductivity, co2 content, total dissolved solids, hardness, dissolved oxygen, ca2+, mg2+, cl-, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate have been determined along with selected heavy metals to assess the various water quality profiles along the ri...

Fuzzy Water Quality Index (FWQI) was applied in order to assess the degree of drinking water resources in Yazd province, Iran. Thisstudy has also offered the creation of a new fuzzy water quality index (FWQI) to evaluate this tool’s applicability. 12 chemicalparameters including toxic and non-toxic heavy metals measured in 71 groundwater samples collected from drinking water resourcesin rural a...

Background and purpose: Fluoride is one of the drinking water contaminants regulated by EPA. This ion, in low doses in the mouth reduces tooth decay without health risk and at much higher doses causes health complications and can be toxic. The major sources of exposure to fluoride are drinking water, food, dental products, and pesticides. The biggest contributor to exposure for most people in I...

In the poor zones of sub-Saharan Africa, the conventional drinking water network is very weak. The populations use alternative groundwater sources which are wells and springs. However, because of urbanization, the groundwater sources are degrading gradually making pure, safe, healthy and odourless drinking water a matter of deep concern. There are many pollutants in groundwater due to seepage o...

introduction water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water. it is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. it is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. the most common standards used to assess water quality...

BACKGROUND Household water treatment (HWT) can improve drinking water quality and prevent disease if used correctly and consistently by vulnerable populations. Over 1.1 billion people report treating their water prior to drinking it. These estimates, however, are based on responses to household surveys that may exaggerate the consistency and microbiological performance of the practice-key facto...

BACKGROUND In South Africa there is little data on environmental pollution of rural water sources by agrochemicals. METHODS This study investigated pesticide contamination of ground and surface water in three intensive agricultural areas in the Western Cape: the Hex River Valley, Grabouw and Piketberg. Monitoring for endosulfan and chlorpyrifos at low levels was conducted as well as screening...

3.1 Introduction This chapter is primarily about the role of analytical techniques in the assessment of risk and specifically the value of water quality indicator parameters in this process. Assessment of risk in relation to drinking water supplies is undertaken for a number of reasons (Percival et al., 2000): • To predict the burden of waterborne disease in the community, under outbreak and no...