Pavlovian cues for rewards can become attractive incentives: approached and 'wanted' as the rewards themselves. The motivational attractiveness of a previously learned cue is not fixed, but can be dynamically amplified during re-encounter by simultaneous activation of brain limbic circuitry. Here it was reported that opioid or dopamine microinjections in the dorsolateral quadrant of the neostri...

OBJECTIVES The goal of this prospective study was to evaluate the carotid atherosclerosis score (CAS) for predicting the development of high-risk plaque features and plaque burden progression. BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that carotid intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) and a disrupted luminal surface (DLS), as identified by using magnetic resonance imaging, are associated with greater ris...

ions and notations for the domain at hand. They do not support specific DL patterns, models, and methodologies. There are few software toolkits available to build DLs. As a result, most DLs are custom-built using homegrown architectures without making use of conceptual modeling, requirements analysis, and methodological approaches. The general trend has been to develop tools to solve small part...

Description Logics (DLs) are nowadays an accepted standard for decidable knowledge representation. DLs also provide the theoretical foundation for representing and reasoning with ontologies as well as for the Semantic Web. Thus, DL systems (e.g., Fact++, Pellet, RacerPro) and DL-based technology in general will play an increasingly important role for building the next generation of deductive, o...

In the current paper we study the reasoning problem for fuzzy SI (f-SI) under arbitrary continuous fuzzy operators. Our work can be seen as an extension of previous works that studied reasoning algorithms for f-SI, but focused on specific fuzzy operators, e.g. fKD-SI and of reasoning algorithms for less expressive fuzzy DLs, like fL-ALC and fP -ALC (fuzzy ALC under the Lukasiewicz and product f...

Acquiring novel speech categories is necessary in spoken language learning. The dual-learning systems (DLS) approach posits that two competitive systems underlie the category learning process: an explicit hypothesis-testing system, and an implicit procedural system. DLS assumes that the explicit system dominates early and control is passed to the implicit system when optimal. Evidence from our ...

Fuzzy Description Logics (DLs) can be used to represent and reason with vague knowledge. This family of logical formalisms is very diverse, each member being characterized by a specific choice of constructors, axioms, and triangular norms, which are used to specify the semantics. Unfortunately, it has recently been shown that the consistency problem in many fuzzy DLs with general concept inclus...

The EL family of description logics (DLs) has been successfully applied for representing the knowledge of several domains, specially from the bio-medical fields. One of its principal characteristics is that its reasoning tasks have polynomial complexity, which makes them suitable for large-scale knowledge bases. In their classical form, description logics cannot handle imprecise concepts in a s...

Many description logics (DLs) combine knowledge representation on an abstract, logical level with an interface to “concrete” domains like numbers and strings with built-in predicates such as <, +, and prefix-of. These hybrid DLs have turned out to be useful in several application areas, such as providing the basis for expressive ontology languages. We propose to further extend such DLs with key...

Automata-based methods have been successfully employed to prove tight complexity bounds for reasoning in many classical logics, and in particular in Description Logics (DLs). Very recently, the ideas behind these automata-based approaches were adapted for reasoning also in fuzzy extensions of DLs, with semantics based either on finitely many truth degrees or the Gödel t-norm over the interval [...