waveguides with low confinement loss, low chromatic dispersion, and low nonlinear effects are used in optical communication systems. optical fibers can also be employed in such systems. besides optical fibers, photonic crystal fibers are also highly suitable transmission media for optical communication systems. in this paper, we introduce two new designs of index-guiding photonic crystal fiber ...

Forests contribute significantly to terrestrial biodiversity conservation. Monitoring of tree species diversity is vital due climate change factors. Remote sensing imagery a means data collection for predicting species. Since various sensors have different spectral and spatial resolutions, it worth comparing them ascertain which could influence the accuracy prediction diversity. Hence, this stu...

The genetic diversity in Zanthoxylum species viz.  Zanthoxylum nitidum, Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum and Zanthoxylum rhesta collected from the Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zone of Assam (NE India) was amplified using 13 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and 9 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. RAPD markers were able to detect 81.82% polymorphism whereas ISSR detected 98.02% polymo...

[Purpose] This study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of our standing balance assessment index using a hand-held dynamometer (the hand-held dynamometer assessment index) in stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] The participants were 60 stroke patients with impaired standing balance. Intrarater and interrater reliabilities were evaluated employing the intraclass correlation coef...

Species diversity is a crucial index used to evaluate the stability and complexity of forest ecosystems. Studying relationship between stand structure understory herbaceous plants species useful for managers formulate best optimization method with goal improving diversity. In this research, Platycladus orientalis plantations in Beijing were taken as research object. Pearson’s correlation analys...

   Floral diversity is a measure of number of type flora in an area, and reflects how vegetation develops in response to the environmental condition during a certain time interval. The present study aims to examine changes in the diversity of vegetation (pollen, spores and algae), evenness, and similarity in the Bandung Basin through a core of 240 cm depth using a ground drill, as well as  the ...

Molecular characterization of eleven clones of C. winterianus collected from eleven districts of West Bengal was carried out with 10 RAPD and 9 ISSR primers. The RAPD primers developed 81 robust loci, which revealed 74.07% polymorphism and 61 ISSR markers generated 47.50% polymorphism. Out of the different anchored primer combinations, ISSR primers with AG and GA motifs produced clear and maxim...

Refractive index (RI) is a complex number comprising a real refractive index and an imaginary part: the absorption (or extinction) coefficient. The analysis of refractive index by the Surfoptic Imaging Reflectometer yields an approximation to the real part of the refractive index. The well established technique of ellipsometry, by contrast, can determine both the real refractive index and the e...