Most protein topologies rarely occur in nature, thus limiting our ability to extract sequence information that could be used to predict structure, function, and evolutionary constraints on protein folds. In principle, the sequence diversity explored by a given protein topology could be expanded by introducing sequence perturbations and selecting variant proteins that fold correctly. However, ou...

This research used a custom event-driven network simulator to evaluate Alternate Path Routing’s (APR’s) behavior in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). In particular, it investigated how much route-diversity is inherent in typical ad-hoc networks, and the ability of a globally reactive routing-protocol (such as the Zone Routing Protocol) to capture and utilize that route diversity. It then explore...

Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) recently has emerged as a promising genomic approach for assessing genetic diversity on a genome-wide scale. However, concerns are not lacking about the uniquely large unbalance in GBS genotype data. Although some genotype imputation has been proposed to infer missing observations, little is known about the reliability of a genetic diversity analysis of GBS data, ...

Natural fractured media are characterized by their diversity of structures and organization. Numerous studies in the past decades have evidenced the existence of characteristic structures at multiple scales [1]. At fracture scale, the aperture distribution is widely correlated and heterogeneous. Fractures themselves have widely varying sizes with no obvious dominating or characteristic scale. A...

Clonal reproduction characterizes a wide range of species including clonal plants in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and clonal microbes such as bacteria and parasitic protozoa, with a key role in human health and ecosystem processes. Clonal organisms present a particular challenge in population genetics because, in addition to the possible existence of replicates of the same genotype in a ...

Although organisms with linear chromosomes must solve the problem of fully replicating their chromosome ends, this chromosome configuration has emerged repeatedly during bacterial evolution and is evident in three divergent bacterial phyla. The benefit usually ascribed to this topology is the ability to boost genetic variation through increased recombination. But because numerous processes can ...

in this paper, the urysohn and completely hausdorff axioms in general topology are generalized to l-topological spaces so as to be compatible with pointwise metrics. some properties and characterizations are also derived

We investigate how diversity in individual responses to unwanted interactions affects the evolution of cooperation modeled as a 2-person prisoner's dilemma. We combine adaptive networks and evolutionary game theory, showing analytically how the coevolution of social dynamics, network dynamics, and behavioral differences benefit the entire community even though myopic individuals still act in th...

Clonal reproduction characterizes a wide range of species including clonal plants in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and clonal microbes, such as bacteria and parasitic protozoa, with a key role in human health and ecosystem processes. Clonal organisms present a particular challenge in population genetics because, in addition to the possible existence of replicates of the same genotype in a...