The ecosystems of the San Francisco Bay estuary are influenced by the salinity of its waters, which in turn depends on flushing by freshwater inflows from the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Estimates of full-natural flows in eight major rivers that flush the Bay are analyzed here by extended empirical-orthogonal-function analyses to characterize distinct ‘modes’ of seasonal flow and runof...

Advances in the understanding of the physics of fog have been made through numerous field experiments and modeling studies. Nevertheless a complete understanding of the processes and interactions influencing its life cycle remain elusive. This is particularly true for fog and other boundary layer clouds occurring in areas characterized by a complex landscape. One such region is the New York met...

We bring together the topics of geographical clusters and technological trajectories, and shift the focus of the analysis of regional innovation to main technological trends rather than firms. We define a number of inventive clusters in the US space and show that long chains of citations mostly take place between these clusters. This is reminiscent of the idea of global pipelines of knowledge t...

In the Monte desert, increasing population density, changing land rights and infrastructure may encourage livestock activity, with unknown consequences on ecosystems. Factors that influence livestock settlement distribution may affect ecosystem degradation. We hypothesize that surface and groundwater availability influence livestock settlements distribution. We evaluated this hypothesis with a ...

The monitoring of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has focused on the distribution in rivers and small lakes, but data regarding their occurrence and effects in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, are sparse. Wastewater treatment processes have not been optimized to remove influent PPCPs and are a major source of PPCPs in the environment. Furthermore, PPCPs are not cu...

Nannostomus is comprised of 20 species. Popularly known as pencilfishes the vast majority of these species lives in the flooded forests of the Amazon basin and are popular in the ornamental trade. Among the lebiasinids, it is the only genus to have undergone more than one taxonomic revision. Even so, it still possesses poorly defined species. Here, we report the results of an application of DNA...

Ecological processes clearly contribute to population divergence, yet how they interact over complex life cycles remains poorly understood. Notably, the evolutionary consequences of migration between breeding and non-breeding areas have received limited attention. We provide evidence for a negative association between interpopulation differences in migration (between breeding and feeding areas,...

Successful feeding and escape behaviors in fishes emerge from precise integration of locomotion and feeding movements. Fishes inhabit a wide range of habitats, including still ponds, turbulent rivers, and wave-pounded shorelines, and these habitats vary in several physical variables that can strongly impact both predator and prey. Temperature, the conditions of ambient flow, and light regimes a...

Human-mediated biological invasions constitute interesting case studies to understand evolutionary processes, including the role of founder effects. Population expansion of newly introduced species can be highly dependant on barriers caused by landscape features, but identifying these barriers and their impact on genetic structure is a relatively recent concern in population genetics and ecolog...

introduction water vapor can spread in molecular, unstable and erratic phase and can also transfer by convection and advection process. this transfer happens from the earth and ocean surfaces to the atmosphere in hot air. this type of transfer is considered as the main pattern. in the studies of the atmosphere, one of the prominent factors to be considered is the complexity of water vapor and i...