A Virtual Cellular Network (VCN) [1] is a wireless cellular network wherein a single Mobile Station (MS) can be in simultaneous communication with more than one Base Station (BS). This paper describes the properties of a VCN implementation and presents a robust link-level protocol that takes advantage of the multiple-to-one relationship between BS and MS. The discussion concentrates on the upli...

Spectral efficiency (SE) of massive multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) systems with a very large number of antennas at the base station (BS) considering for space constraint antennas are investigated in this paper. In literature, fixed spacing inter-element were considered, the number of antennas increases with a fixed total distance in a practical topology an inversely proportional to inter...

In a wireless sensor network (WSN), a great number of sensor nodes are deployed to gather sensed data. These sensor nodes are typically powered by batteries so their energy is restricted. Sensor nodes mainly consume energy consumption in data transmission, especially for a long distance. Since the location of the base station (BS) is remote, the energy consumed by each node to directly transmit...

The performance of transmission spaced selection diversity (SD) placed at base station (BS) in DS-CDMA system remains insufficiently clear. This performance will be evaluated by considering the effect of space distance between antennas and the maximum Doppler frequency (fd) on bit error rate (BER) performance under optimum conditions which are not clarified until now. Moreover, analysis of this...

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a group of autonomous sensors that are distributed geographically. However, sensor nodes in WSNs battery-powered, and the energy drainage significant issue. The clustering approach holds an imperative part boosting lifespan WSNs. This gathers into clusters selects cluster heads (CHs). CHs accumulate information from members transfer data to base station (BS). ...

HIGHLIGHTS MOSPO-CMR technique intends to effectively choose cluster heads (CHs) and derive optimal routes BS. The initially performs constructionprocess by the election of CHs using three variables namely Residual energy (RES), distance BS (DIST), Node Degree (NDEG). Besides, derives an objective function involving two such as RES DIST determine destination. In order demonstrate enhanced outco...

The present status of the theoretical estimates of the difference between the widths of the neutral Bs-mesons and of the B-meson lifetime ratios is reviewed. In particular, the lattice results for the matrix elements of the relevant ∆B = 2 operators are updated and the first lattice QCD results for the matrix elements of ∆B = 0 operators are presented. In both cases, the NLO perturbative QCD co...

Unfertilized buffer strips (BS) are widely accepted to reduce nitrogen (N) loads from agricultural land to surface water. However, the relative reduction of N load or concentration (BS effectiveness, BSE), varies with management and local conditions, especially hydrogeology. We present novel experimental evidence on BSE for 5-m-wide grass BS on intensively drained and managed plain agricultural...

This paper investigates the downlink performance of K-tier heteregeneous cellular networks (HCNs) under general settings. First, Gaussian approximation bounds for the standardized aggregate wireless interference (AWI) in dense K-tier HCNs are obtained for when base stations (BSs) in each tier are distributed over the plane according to a spatial and general Poisson point process. The Kolmogorov...

Purpose Bone scans (BS) are a low-value test for asymptomatic men with low-risk prostate cancer. We performed a quality improvement intervention aimed at reducing BS for these patients. Methods and materials The intervention was a presentation that leveraged the behavioral science concepts of social comparison and normative appeals. Participants were multidisciplinary stakeholders from the Ra...