Waveguides with low confinement loss, low chromatic dispersion, and low nonlinear effects are used in optical communication systems. Optical fibers can also be employed in such systems. Besides optical fibers, photonic crystal fibers are also highly suitable transmission media for optical communication systems. In this paper, we introduce two new designs of index-guiding photonic crystal fiber ...

Restrictions to diffusion result in the dispersion of the bulk diffusion coefficient. We derive the exact universal high-frequency behavior of the diffusion coefficient in terms of the surface-to-volume ratio of the restrictions. This frequency dependence can be applied to quantify structure of complex samples with NMR using oscillating field gradients and static-gradient CPMG. We also demonstr...

An analysis of Environmental Protection Agency’s Chesapeake Bay Program hydrographic dataset shows that the bay responds coherently to variability in freshwater flux. Mean salinity and salinity stratification both respond to variability in freshwater flux on time scales of roughly 90 days. Stratification is also influenced by local wind forcing but on much shorter (4e5 day) time scales. The vol...

In this study, a temperature-dependent of the dispersion coefficients is calculated from equation state.The Lennard-Jones LJ (12-6-3) effective pair potential function and simple thermodynamic argumentwith the input PVT data of liquid metals are used to calculate the dispersion coefficients. The dispersioncoefficients ( , , ) 3 6 12 C C C are found to be a linear function of 1/T1+α , where T is...

The assimilation potential (assimilative capacity) of the atmosphere can be represented in two ways: one as the ventilation coefficient and the other as the dispersion potential of emission loads discharged into the region. In the present study, the atmospheric assimilation potential of a typical urban area in Kochi city has been determined with respect to sulfur dioxide (SO(2)). The ventilatio...

Self-similarity is a ubiquitous concept in the physical sciences used to explain a wide range of spatialor temporal-structures observed in a broad range of applications and natural phenomena. Indeed, they have been predicted or observed in the context of Raman scattering, spatial soliton fractals, propagation in the normal dispersion regime with strong nonlinearity, optical amplifiers, and mode...

The effluent treatment plant sludge is one of the major sources of contamination with toxic metals. Since the sludge contains heavy metals, it must be pretreated to reduce the contamination. The heavy metals from the sludge can be reduced/ separated by washing it with a suitable leaching solution. In the present study, the efficiencies of three leaching solutions to remove the contaminants from...

Soliton switching in a nonlinear directional coupler (NLDC) with Kerr nonlinearity and coupling constant dispersion (caused by intermodal dispersion between the symmetric and the anti-symmetric modes of the coupler) is studied using the well-known variational method. Switching characteristics are calculated and discussed. It is shown that the switching characteristics of the Kerr coupler for al...

P wave parameters measured by 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) are commonly used as a noninvasive tool to evaluate left atrial enlargement. This study was designed to assess whether P wave parameters were associated with renal outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This longitudinal study enrolled 439 patients with CKD stages 3-5. Renal end points were defined as the commencement of ...