A method for interval estimation of scale reliability with discrete data is outlined. The approach is applicable with multi-item instruments consisting of binary measures, and is developed within the latent variable modeling methodology. The procedure is useful for evaluation of consistency of single measures and of sum scores from item sets following the two-parameter logistic model or the one...

This paper presents a robust optimization approach for discounted constrained Markov decision processes with payoff uncertainty. It is assumed that the decision-maker has no distributional information on the unknown payoffs. Two types of uncertainty sets, convex hulls and intervals are considered. Interval uncertainty sets are parametrized allowing a subset of the payoffs to vary within interva...

If a Sturm-Liouville problem is given in an open interval of the real line then regular boundary value problems can be considered on compact sub-intervals. For these regular problems, all with necessarily discrete spectra, the eigenvalues depend on both the end-points of the compact intervals, and upon the choice of the real separated boundary conditions at these end-points. These eigenvalues a...

  Background: Nonspecific symptoms are common in all areas of medicine. Patients and caregivers can be frustrated when an illness cannot be reduced to a discrete pathophysiological process that corresponds with the symptoms. We therefore asked the following questions: 1) Which demographic factors and psychological comorbidities are associated with change from an initial diagnosis of nonspecific...

Programmable electronic systems (PESs) that are currently employed in safety-critical applications follow either a strictly periodical or a task-based operating policy. This paper discusses these policies with regard to safety aspects and introduces a novel real-time execution concept that combines their advantages. The main characteristics of this new concept are quantisation of time into disc...

A change of shares of credits portfolio is described by Markov chain with discrete time. A credit state is determined on as an accessory to some group of credits depending on presence of indebtedness and its terms. We use a model with discrete time and fix the system state through identical time intervals once a month. It is obvious that the matrix of transitive probabilities is known incomplet...

1.1 Markov Processes Consider a set of states S1, S2, . . . SN . A discrete Markov process is one in which the system is in a particular state at any given time. The state can be changed only at discrete intervals of time. We denote the time instants associated with state changes with as t = 1, 2, . . . and we denote the actual state at time t as qt. The current state in an n-order Markov proce...

Interval temporal logics take time intervals, instead of time instants, as their primitive temporal entities. One of the most studied interval temporal logics is Halpern and Shoham’s modal logic of time intervals HS, which associates a modal operator with each binary relation between intervals over a linear order (the so-called Allen’s interval relations). A complete classification of all HS fr...

Several recent studies have demonstrated that the cerebellum plays an important role in temporal processing at the scale of milliseconds. However, it is not clear whether intrinsic cerebellar function involves the temporal processing of discrete or continuous events. Temporal processing during discrete events functions by counting absolute time like a stopwatch, while during continuous events i...