This paper deals with the fundamental problem of estimating the distribution function (df) of the duration of the longest path in the stochastic activity network such as PERT network. First a technique is introduced to reduce variance in Conditional Monte Carlo Sampling (CMCS). Second, based on this technique a new procedure is developed for CMCS. Third, a combined approach of simulation and ap...

Over the past two decades, the dipole approximation has facilitated a basic understanding of the photoionization process in atoms and molecules. Recent experiments on the Is inner shells of small molecules at relatively low photon energies (< 1000 eV) show strong nondipole effects. They are significant and measurable at energies close to threshold, in conflict with a common assumption that the ...

the probability density functions fitting to the discrete probability functions has always been needed, and very important. this paper is fitting the continuous curves which are probability density functions to the binomial probability functions, negative binomial geometrics, poisson and hypergeometric. the main key in these fittings is the use of the derivative concept and common differential ...

most of the researches in the domain of fuzzy number comparisons serve the fuzzy number ordering purpose. for making a comparison between two fuzzy numbers, beyond the determination of their order, it is needed to derive the magnitude of their order. in line with this idea, the concept of inequality is no longer crisp however it becomes fuzzy in the sense of representing partial belonging or de...

In this study, a method was presented to accurately obtain the extinction characteristics of non-spherical biological particle aggregates. Based on multi-sphere model particles, randomly oriented aggregation firstly built construct The discrete-dipole approximation used calculate aggregates in 3–14 µm waveband. average mass coefficients three materials are 0.802 m2/g, 0.907 and 0.866 m2/g 3–5 w...