background: water, sanitation and hygiene have a very important role in public health. poor sanitation is the cause of water contamination, which causes many types of diseases. the aim of this paper was to present the attributable death and disability adjusted life year (dalys) of untreated water and insanitary environments from 1990 to 2010 in iran.   methods: in the global burden of disease 2...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation (sNMES) after stroke aims to improve upper limb function and reduce shoulder pain, but current evidence of effectiveness is inconclusive. We have undertaken a randomized controlled trial to evaluate sNMES to the shoulder after acute stroke. METHODS One hundred seventy-six patients, within 10 days of stroke onset, were randomi...

objectives: aim of this study is to investigate the initial effect of taping technique on wrist extension and grip strength and pain of individuals with tennis elbow. methods: fifteen patients (10 men and 5 women with 42.53 years) on their dominant arm participated in this study. outcome measures were wrist extension and grip strength and pain taken before and immediately after application of t...

karyotypes of eleven iranian populations of trigonella foenum-graceum were investigated. somatic chromosome numbers of examined populations were determined as 2n = 14. chromosomal parameters were examined as follows: long arm length (tl), short arm, total chromosome length, arm ratio, r-value, form percentage of chromosome, total form percentage of karyotype. chromosomes were mostly metacentric...

a binuclear macrocyclic ligand containing dissimilar n(amine)2o2 and n(imine)2o2 coordination sites sharing two phenolic oxygen atoms, was prepared by cyclic condensation of dialdehyde precursor l1h2 with 1,3-diaminopropane. the ligand includes two propionitrile pendant arms on the amine nitrogen atoms. the homobimetallic complex [znl2zn(oac)]pf6 was synthesized by one step procedure. heterobim...

Background and purpose We evaluated muscle echointensity as a marker for secondary axonal damage in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) using ultrasonography. Findings were correlated clinical disability muscular strength. Methods Eighty CIDP (40 typical 40 atypical CIDP) examined clinically, including assessment of Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score Inf...

introduction: the city can pay attention to citizen' needes is a healthy city. today disabled people are part of developing countries population due to war and natural disasters. and disabled people increase in developing countries. in the national development plans don’t tendency to them. research on disability has generally been undertaken by educated, white researchers from developed co...