Despite decades of speculation, the proton pumping mechanism of complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is unknown and continues to be controversial. Recent descriptions of the architecture of the hydrophobic region of complex I have resolved one vital issue: this region appears to have multiple proton transporters that are mechanically interlinked. Thus, transduction of conformational chang...

Pathways of wind-power input into the ocean general circulation are analyzed using Ekman theory. Direct rates of wind work can be calculated through the wind stress acting on the surface geostrophic flow. However, because that energy is transported laterally in the Ekman layer, the injection into the geostrophic interior is actually controlled by Ekman pumping, with a pattern determined by the ...

Wastewater pumping consumes 10% to 20% of electricity in wastewater treatment plants. To reduce the energy consumption, a data-driven approach is applied to model and optimize the wastewater pumping process. Datamining algorithm and multilayer perceptron neural network are used to build the pumping energy model. The optimization model is solved by an improved harmony search algorithm. Optimal p...

We explore the limits of liquid pumping by "classical propellers" with molecular-scale blades. Our molecular dynamics simulations reveal a huge sensitivity of pumping to the chemistry of the blade-liquid interface. We demonstrate selective pumping of hydrophobic and hydrophilic liquids, where the pumping rate is determined by the effective profile of the solvated nanoscopic blades. These result...

We have numerically studied a non-adiabatic charge transport in the quantum Hall system pumped by a magnetic flux, as one of the simplest theoretical realizations of nonadiabatic Thouless pumping. In the adiabatic limit, a pumped charge is quantized, known as Laughlin’s argument in a cylindrical lattice. In a uniform electric field, we obtained a formula connecting quantized pumping in the adia...

We investigate the behavior of farmers who share an underground aquifer. In the case where seepage may occur the resource is nonexclusive, giving rise to a spatial externality whereby pumping by one user affects others nearby. Theoretically, these externalities are potentially important causes of welfare loss. Using a unique spatial data set of groundwater users in western Kansas, we are able t...

Rising energy costs have increased the cost of pumping to the point that many farmers are finding irrigation to be unprofitable or only marginally profitable. Fortunately, however, pumping costs are an item that farmers have some degree of control. Pumping costs often are higher than they need be for two reasons: 1.) more water is pumped than is necessary, and/or, 2.) the pumping plant operates...

Mechanical stimulation induces opposite behavioral responses in the adult and dauer pharynx. Tail tap of adults inhibits pharyngeal pumping via a pathway involving the innexin gene unc-7 and components of the glutamatergic pathway encoded by the genes avr-14 and avr-15. Tail tap of dauers stimulates pumping through a mechanism involving G alpha o and G alpha q. The nematocidal drug ivermectin i...

A novel single electron pump based on individual molecules (a single wall carbon nanotube) is discussed in terms of the hybrid superconducting-normal conducting pumping principle. A concept demonstration device has been built based on a carbon nanotube contacted by Nb-Ti leads. Charge current quantization is achieved through rf modulation of the back gate voltage. The device is able to transfer...

Abstract This article presents an energy-saving electric drive of a direct-flow water supply system. The analysis various systems for animal watering is given. An experimental installation adjustable asynchronous presented, which allows selecting parameters frequency converter the technological process and reducing consumption electrical energy by up to 10%. hypothesis pumping unit when regulat...