While alum amendments have shown to be effective in lowering water-soluble phosphate levels in poultry litter, the mechanism by which this occurs is not fully known. To determine the solid-state speciation of phosphate in litter samples, experiments were conducted with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. XANES analysis reveals that, in unamended samples, phosphate is pres...

Setting properties of bone substitutes are improved using an injectable system. The injectable bone graft substitutes can be molded to the shape of the bone cavity and set in situ when injected. Such system is useful for surgical operation. The powder part of the injectable bone cement is included of β-tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and dicalcium phosphate and the liquid part contains...