Most mutant alleles in the Fz-PCP pathway genes were discovered in classic Drosophila screens looking for recessive loss-of-function (LOF) mutations. Nonetheless, although Fz-PCP signaling is sensitive to increased doses of PCP gene products, not many screens have been performed in the wing under genetically engineered Fz overexpression conditions, mostly because the Fz phenotypes were strong a...

The Drosophila misshapen (msn) gene is a member of the STE20 kinase family. We show that msn acts in the Frizzled (Fz) mediated epithelial planar polarity (EPP) signaling pathway in eyes and wings. Both msn loss- and gain-of-function result in defective ommatidial polarity and wing hair formation. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicate that msn acts downstream of fz and dishevelled (dsh) in ...

Cellular morphogenesis, including polarized outgrowth, promotes tissue shape and function. Polarized vesicle trafficking has emerged as a fundamental mechanism by which protein and membrane can be targeted to discrete subcellular domains to promote localized protrusions. Frizzled (Fz)/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling orchestrates cytoskeletal polarization and drives morphogenetic changes in...

We have examined the respective contribution of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) and Frizzled (Fz) proteins in the establishment of the Wingless (Wg) morphogen gradient. From the analysis of mutant clones of sulfateless/N-deacetylase-sulphotransferase in the wing imaginal disc, we find that lack of Heparan Sulfate (HS) causes a dramatic reduction of both extracellular and intracellular Wg ...

The ommatidia of the Drosophila eye initiate development by stepwise recruitment of photoreceptors into symmetric ommatidial clusters. As they mature, the clusters become asymmetric, adopting opposite chirality on either side of the dorsoventral midline and rotating exactly 90 degrees (Figures 1A and 1B, ). The choice of chirality is governed by higher activity of the frizzled (fz) gene in one ...

In general, a SYPRO Ruby dye is well known as a sensitive fluorescence-based method for detecting proteins by one-or two-dimensional SDS-PAGE (1-DE or 2-DE). Based on the SYPRO Ruby dye system, the combined two-dimensional fibrin zymography (2-D FZ) with SYPRO Ruby staining was newly developed to identify the Bacillus sp. proteases. Namely, complex protein mixtures from Bacillus sp. DJ-4, which...

In this paper, a thorough mathematical analysis is proposed for designing and tuning fuzzy proportional ± integral± derivative (FZ-PID) control in order to achieve a better performance and simpler design. The quantitative model of FZ-PID, derived for the mathematical analysis and gain design, consists of a nonlinear relay and a nonlinear proportional ± integral ± derivative (PID) controller. Th...

The Drosophila wing provides an appropriate model system for studying genetic programming of planar cell polarity (PCP) [1-4]. Each wing cell respects the proximodistal (PD) axis; i.e., it localizes an assembly of actin bundles to its distalmost vertex and produces a single prehair. This PD polarization requires the redistribution of Flamingo (Fmi), a seven-pass transmembrane cadherin, to proxi...

Morphometric disparities were employed to characterize the geographical variations in and elucidate phylogeography of Portunus sanguinolentus East Asia. In this study, a comprehensive assessment was undertaken based on measurements from 833 individual crabs. These crabs sampled eight distinct locations, namely Kyushu (KS), Fuzhou (FZ), Yilan (YL), Xiamen (XM), Tainan (TN), Hong Kong (HK), Vietn...

Heme-iron oxidoreductases operating through the high-valent FeIVO intermediates perform crucial and complicated transformations, such as oxidations of unreactive saturated hydrocarbons. These enzymes share same Fe coordination, only differing by axial ligation, e.g., Cys in P450 oxygenases, Tyr catalases, His peroxidases. By examining ?200 heme-iron proteins, we show that protein hosts exert hi...