FOUNDATIONS ................................................................................................................ 456 Signals and Noise, Detectability and Discriminability ............................................... 456 Noise from Classical Statistical Mechanics ............................................................... 459 Noise from Quantum Mechanics .........................

Nowadays, bulk of the designers prefer to outsource some parts of their design and fabrication process to the third-part companies due to the reliability problems, manufacturing cost and time-to-market limitations. In this situation, there are a lot of opportunities for malicious alterations by the off-shore companies. In this paper, we proposed a new placement algorithm that hinders the hardwa...