Copyright c © 0000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Softw. Pract. Exper. (0000) Prepared using speauth.cls DOI: 10.1002/spe

The difficulty for non-native speakers in producing Japanese geminate stops with a long enough closure has been pointed out and extensively studied. However, the reverse problem exists for particular language speakers such as Chinese. For these speakers, production of Japanese intervocalic single stops sound like geminate stops. This study aimed to show acoustic evidence of this problem in the ...

Normal gait is a pattern of walking that humans normally adopt in undisturbed situations. Gait patterns are considered to be either abnormal or impaired if they do not satisfy certain key attributes of normal gait. It has previously been postulated that normal gait is more energy efficient than abnormal or impaired gait. However, it is not clear whether a normal gait pattern is also superior to...

are three distinct patterns. The first is known as a classical pattern (dashes in all  − 1 slots); the third is also known as a consecutive pattern (no dashes in any slots). Some authors call ̃ a “generalized pattern” and use the word “pattern” exclusively for what we call “classical patterns”. Let  =  1 2 · · ·  be a permutation on {1 2     }, where  ≥ . We say that  contains ̃...

Factory Builder 2 7 Builder soft 17 9 Factory Method Factory Method soft 1 9 Prototype 1 1 Prototype soft 1 1 Singleton Adapter Class 16 Adapter Class soft 13 16 Adapter Object 54 27 62 Adapter Object soft 62 153 135 Bridge Bridge soft 73 80 Decorator Decorator soft Proxy 36 4 Proxy soft 44 5 Chain of Responsibility Iterator Iterator soft 1 Strategy 4 1 10 5 Strategy soft 12 2 20 32 Template Me...

A design pattern is a grouping of a small number of objects that is likely to be useful again and again. In multi-threaded software, it is a grouping of active and passive objects. A pattern language is a system of patterns organized in a structure that guides their application. This paper proposes a pattern language intended to capture the best practices in the architectural design of multi-th...

The Reactor design pattern handles service requests that are delivered concurrently by multiple clients. This pattern simplifies event-driven applications by integrating the synchronous demultiplexing of events and the dispatching of their corresponding event handlers. In addition, the Reactor pattern also decouples the generic demultiplexing and dispatching code from the application-specific e...

Design patterns have proven to be very useful for the design of object-oriented systems. The power of design patterns stems from their ability to provide generic solutions to reappearing problems that can be specialised for particular situations. The implementation of design patterns, however, has received only little attention and we have identified four problems associated with the implementa...

Design patterns describe solutions to recurring design problems in the development of software designs. To encourage the use of design patterns, we are investigating tool support for incorporating patterns into UML models. The development of such tools requires patterns to be specified at the metamodel level. Patterns may be specified using roles, where a role is played by model elements. Howev...

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