River confluence is a common feature of most irrigation and drainage channels and river systems, where tributary conflicts the main channel. In these section, rapid changes in velocity and discharge, sediment distribution and flow turbulent result in a deep confluence scour, a bar point in the separation zone at downstream of junction corner  and finally vortex flow. Thus, the main goal of this...

The factors in the drag equation (that is, the coefficient of drag, the density of the medium, and the cross-sectional area and velocity of the projectile) also determine the depth that a projectile will penetrate its target and the velocity of the projectile at a given depth of penetration. Ideally (that is, if a stable, nondeforming projectile passes through a homogeneous, infinite solid), th...

The reduction of six wide-angle reflection profiles shot within the two fault blocks visited by Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 116 in combination with the ODP sonic logs has produced a velocity-depth structure for this area. The sediment velocity increases from 1.6-1.7 km/s in the near surface to 3.4-3.5 km/s immediately above basement with a velocity gradient of 0.75/s. A depth converted sei...

We extend the approach underlying the well-known Dix equation in reflection seismology to surface waves. Within the context of surface wave inversion, the Dix-type relation we derive for surface waves allows accurate depth profiles of shear-wave velocity to be constructed directly from phase velocity data, in contrast to perturbational methods. The depth profiles can subsequently be used as an ...

Migration velocity analysis includes both depth-focusing analysis and residual curvature analysis of coherency panels. In either method, it is widely used for 2-D velocity analysis in regions of complex geological structures. Unfortunately, since complex structures tend to be 3-D structures, 3-D prestack depth migration is desirable. The most commonly proposed candidate is kinematic Kirchhoff m...

Fluid-flow-driven particle migration through porous networks reflects the interplay between various particle-level forces, the relative size between migrating particles and pore constrictions, and the spatial variability of the velocity field. Experimental evidence shows that particle migration in radial fluid flow results in selfstabilizing annular clogging patterns when the particle size appr...

MORE THAN twenty years ago, the author (Gutenberg, 1926) pointed out that the longitudinal waves of shallow earthquakes decrease considerably in amplitude at epicentral distances between a few (say 2) degrees and about 15 degrees. At greater distances the amplitudes become again rather large, at 16 ° epicentral distance about as large as at 2 °. With further increase in epicentral distance the ...