A general two-stage multiple description coding (MDC) scheme using whitening transforms is analyzed. It represents the original image in a form of a coarse image approximation and a residual image. The coarse approximation is subsequently duplicated and combined with the residual image further split into two descriptions using a chessboard block transform coefficients rearrangement. We identify...

Skin care cosmetics frequently contain whitening or lightening agents. The present study aimed to establish in vitro methods for predicting chemical leukoderma caused by whitening agents in cosmetics. The risks of chemical leukoderma were predicted based on percutaneous absorption rates, toxic concentrations, and toxicity mechanisms. Thus, in vitro skin permeation rate and cytotoxic concentrati...

Level of Service of Safety is a new concept in the field of traffic safety in China and developed countries, it is a quality indicator which is used to describe the road traffic safety situation and roads providing service of traffic safety for traffic participants. Introducing the study status of the Level of Service of Safety in China and developed countries, the definition of the concept, ap...

An appropriate adaption of the decision boundaries of the well-known signal space detector (SSD) yields a detector that whitens the input noise in the detector forward path. This new detector, called a whitening signal space detector (WSSD), offers higher reliability without increasing the dimensionality of the signal space. A WSSD can be designed by applying a transformation into the ordinary ...

Figure 12. Nonrecursive structure of Tomlinson–Harashima pre-coding for DC-free channels. to the ideal structure is negligible. In spite of the recur-sive structure, in each case, the precoder remains stable. The overflow handling of two's complement representation results in the desired periodical extension of the signal set at the decoder input. The additional noise at the decision point due ...

This study investigated the effects of silkworm hemolymph-derived storage protein 2 (SP2) on the whitening process in mouse B16F1 melanoma cells. After the cells were treated with various concentrations of SP2 (0.1 1.0 mg/mL), cytotoxicity, melanin contents, and differences in mRNA and protein expression associated with melanogenesis were observed. No cytotoxicity was observed when cells were t...

This article explores how race and color labels are used to describe people in an Afro-Peruvian community. This article is based on analyses of 88 interviews and 18 months of fieldwork in an African-descended community in Peru. The analyses of these data reveal that, if we consider race and color to be conceptually distinct, there is no “mulatto escape hatch,” no social or cultural whitening, a...