One of the grand challenges for society is global security in food and nutrition. The ‘‘perfect storm’’ metaphor has been used by Sir John Beddington to describe the scenario that wemight be heading for, with simultaneous shortages for food, water, and energy within the foreseeable future. This Select highlights the need for a truly multipronged approach across scientific disciplines and countr...

The results for heavy-light mesons are summarized in Table 1. The results presented here are based on the same statistical sample, consisting of 102 quenched configurations at β = 6.0 with lattice size 16 × 48, as used in our study of fB and fBs [1]. The details of the NRQCD action, the evolution equation for calculating the heavy quark propagator, the method used for setting the lattice scale,...

In recent years, cyber-physical systems (CPSs) have gained a lot of attention from academia, industry and government agencies, considered to be the world’s third wave information technology, following computers internet [...]

This paper tries to sum up the discussions held during the sessions of GREC’09, as well as at the final panel session. As it is always good to know where you are coming from, the paper briefly takes a look back at the discussions held two years earlier, before looking ahead at the future challenges for our research community. A number of points raised two years ago remain very much valid, but w...

This article lists fourteen open problems in artificial life, each of which is a grand challenge requiring a major advance on a fundamental issue for its solution. Each problem is briefly explained, and, where deemed helpful, some promising paths to its solution are indicated.

Background and Objectives: This paper has attempted to explore physicians and staffs' views about evaluation system problems and its impact on maintaining professional behavior in clinical setting within the context of Iran. Methods: Data were collected through 22 focus group sessions from October 2015 to March 2016. Findings: All o...

small and medium size firms have major influence on job creation. some researchers, believe most of the new jobs are created in existed firms rather than newly established ones. growth management, could be the most important tactic for the firms future success. although it has many advantages for the firm, growth process faces some challenges. in this research, these challenges were identified,...