the close relationship between the immune system and the central nervous system (cns) has been well-studied. the cns regulates almost all the functions of the immune system; however, the effect and/or the control of the immune system on the cns has not been well-studied yet. recent reports suggest that the cns has its own defence mechanism(s). in this review, attempts have been made to discuss ...

Animals often exhibit particular 'personalities', i.e. their behaviour is correlated across different situations. Recent studies suggest that this limitation of behavioural plasticity may be adaptive, since continuous adjustment of one's behaviour may be time-consuming and costly. In social insects, particularly aggressive workers might efficiently take over fighting in the contexts of both nes...