The social cost of carbon – or marginal damage caused by an additional ton of carbon dioxide emissions – has been estimated by a U.S. government working group at $21/tCO2 in 2010. That calculation, however, omits many of the biggest risks associated with climate change, and downplays the impact of current emissions on future generations. Our reanalysis explores the effects of uncertainty about ...

Liver diseases are one of the main causes of death, and their ever-increasing prevalence is threatening to cause significant damage both to individuals and society as a whole. This damage is especially serious for the economically active population in Korea. From the societal perspective, it is therefore necessary to consider the economic impacts associated with liver diseases, and identify int...

This paper proposes a software metric for estimating the cost of removing a virus from infected machines. The metric, Virus Removal Cost (VRC), provides an objective estimate of the cost based on two factors: the characteristics of a virus and the computer skills of persons who try to remove the virus from their machine. The metric can give us an insight into the cost of removing a virus, and, ...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the cost-effectiveness of adalimumab plus methotrexate (MTX) versus MTX monotherapy in early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) when explicitly modelling short-term (reversible) and long-term (irreversible, ie, joint damage) disease activity and physical function. METHODS A microsimulation model was developed to unify, in a single cost-effectiveness model, measures of...

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) must maximize the realization of security goals while minimizing costs. In this paper, we study the problem of building cost-sensitive intrusion detection models. We examine the major cost factors associated with an IDS, which include development cost, operational cost, damage cost due to successful intrusions, and the cost of manual and automated response to ...

We investigate an evolutionary multi-objective approach to good micro for real-time strategy games. Good micro helps a player win skirmishes and is one of the keys to developing better real-time strategy game play. In prior work, the same multi-objective approach of maximizing damage done while minimizing damage received was used to evolve micro for a group of ranged units versus a group of mel...