Disputes over land, water, forests, rangelands, and other resources, both privately and commonly-held, are omnipresent across Africa and increasing in number due to the socioeconomic and environmental changes happening on microand macrolevels. Communities in Africa have a variety of mechanisms rooted in customary and statutory institutions to deal with disputes. This paper uses community-level ...

This study discusses the authority of customary law in practice forced marriage community Lekuk Limapuluh Tumbu Lempur, Kerinci, Jambi. Forced marriages were carried out against men and women who went together only returned after 20.00. They have to get married, even though they are not willing do so, asked be at all. uses a qualitative descriptive method. Data collection is done by observation...

in the system of international law, individuals enjoy some rights and states are initially obliged to grant of these rights, especially in the field of human rights and humanitarian law. if this obligation is not fulfilled, the responsible state has to compensate the injured individuals based on special rules of treaty laws and general rules of international responsibility, including customary ...

in this paper, an investigation on the relation between state-building and near eastern religion is attempted. analyzing the city-state of ḥaṭrā (iraq, close to kirkuk), it is demonstrated that pre-islamic state craft in the region was dependent on the initiative of the parthian monarchy in iran. the kings of the arsacid dynasty attempted to bestow the local arabic tribes in the jazira with a c...