In recent years, as a rule, improvement of the reliability of liquid propellant rockets becomes an international technical problem for built-up of safe space transport systems. The high performance, liquid propellant rocket engines require high-pressured turbopumps to deliver extremely low temperature propellants of liquid oxygen (LO2, boiling point 90 K) and liquid hydrogen (LH2, boiling point...

W e present the latest results o f a research work started in 1986 in Milano, aiming at the optimisation o f GaAs MESFETs and circuits for cryogenic readout o f particle detectors used in experiment o f high energy physics. For bolometric detectors we have been looking for low l / f noise and good dynamic performance at 4 K. W e want also fast speed with low white noise and high radiation resis...

In some experiments and applications there is need for large-area photosensitive detectors to operate at cryogenic temperatures. Nowadays, vacuum PMs are usually used for this purpose. We have developed special designs of planar photosensitive gaseous detectors able to operate at cryogenic temperatures. Such detectors are much cheaper PMs and are almost insensitive to magnetic fields. Results o...

Proteins are known to undergo a dynamical transition at around 200 K but the underlying mechanism, physical origin, and relationship to water are controversial. Here we report an observation of a protein dynamical transition as low as 110 K. This unexpected protein dynamical transition precisely correlated with the cryogenic phase transition of water from a high-density amorphous to a low-densi...

Cryogenics is the continuation of heat treatment and is the last step that completes the thermal treatment processing of metals. After ferrous steel part/s are heat-treated and tempered, the part’s grain structure can be improved by subjecting the part to a deep cryogenic temperature (–320 °F) soak. The process involves taking the parts down from room temperature to –70 °F to –100 °F using dry ...

This paper discusses current plans and issues for exploration that involve the use of cryogenic transfer. The benefits of cryogenic transfer to exploration missions are examined. The current state of the art of transfer technology is reviewed. Mission concepts of operation for exploration are presented, and used to qualitatively discuss the performance benefits of transfer. The paper looks at t...

In the field of mechanical engineering, engineers are always looking for ways to improve the properties of materials. Cryogenic treatment of tooling steels is a proven technology to increase wear resistance and extend intervals between component replacements. The main idea of this paper is to apply Taguchi method to optimize cutting parameters in turning operation using cryogenic treated (CT) a...

One of the main elements of a cryogenic (C) separation column is the boiler. The control of the power supply which feeds the boiler’s resistance is of major importance. In order to ensure a safe and stable operation of the plant, a monitoring and control unit is designed using NI PXI-8183 process computer. The developed LabVIEW application implements a PI controller and also data logging. Step ...

since the introduction of engine-driven nickel-titanium (niti) instruments, attempts have been made to minimize or eliminate their inherent defects, increase their surface hardness/flexibility and also improve their resistance to cyclic fatigue and cutting efficiency. the various strategies of enhancing instrument surface include ion implantation, thermal nitridation, cryogenic treatment and el...