not an overwhelming burden to the newspaper. Also, because the number of black models used would be entirely discretionary, such requirements would not impose a "quota" on the inclusion of black models. Furthermore, the court held that inclusion of such models would not significantly burden the numerous arbitrary decisions made in every advertisement. Based on the standards above, the court hel...

Court scholars have a voracious appetite for Supreme Court preference measures. Several papers question whether widely-used Martin and Quinn scores provide valid intertemporal measures, calling into question virtually an entire generation of quantitative research on the Court. This paper discusses the challenges of inter-temporal preference estimation and revises, updates and extends Bailey and...

Despite the promises made after World War II to eliminate the commission of atrocities, crimes against humanity persist with horrifying ubiquity. Yet the absence of a consistent definition and uniform interpretation of crimes against humanity has made it difficult to establish the theory underlying such crimes and to prosecute them in particular cases. In the 1990s, several ad hoc international...

Nominations to the US Supreme Court have become increasingly important and contentious in America politics recent decades. Reasons include growing significance of constitutional law prospects political power, accompanied by historical developments relative power competing party coalitions that placed even more focus on composition Court. Meanwhile, partisan conflict stalemate grown systems amon...

* Chairman, National Environment Tribunal, Kenya. Former Director, UNEP. This paper draws from earlier papers on past colloquia in Kenya, two for High Court Judges (January and April 2006) and one for East Africa: the Court of Appeal Judges for Kenya, Tanzania and Supreme Court and Court of Appeal, Uganda. I acknowledge the research and other contributions of Judy Gitau of Kaniaru & Kaniaru Adv...

In December 1993, Garyand JenniferTroxel filed a petition in Washington Superior Court to obtain increased visitation with their two granddaughters under theprovision ofaWashington statuteallowing any person toseekvisitation ofachild ifthevisitation could beshown to be in the child's best interest.' The trial courtgranted increased visitations to thegrand parents. The Washington Court ofAppeals...

This study attempts to explain why the Supreme Court responds to public mood by analyzing individual justice liberalism and comparing it to public liberalism between the years of1970 and 2001. Three theories suggesting why the Court may respond to public opinion are discussed, including the replacement, political adjustment, and the attitude change hypotheses. The method of using Court reversal...

Law enforcement agencies refer approximately two-thirds of all youth arrested to a court with juvenile jurisdiction for further processing. As with law enforcement, the court may decide to divert some juveniles away from the formal justice system to other agencies for service. Prosecutors may file some juvenile cases directly in criminal (adult) court. The net result is that juvenile courts for...

This case involves two proceedings, one pending in state court, the other in federal court. Each seeks review of an Iowa Utilities Board (IUB or Board) order. And each presents the question whether Windstream Iowa Communications, Inc. (Windstream), a local telecommunications carrier, may impose on Sprint Communications, Inc. (Sprint), intrastate access charges for telephone calls transported vi...

abstracttransferor effect of appeal from civil judgment move case in the opinion of court of appeal/investigation of this court does not merely from forms and procedure perspective but investigation comprise the whole of the case.at contemporary world the role of appeal courts fundamentally changed and the process of investigation in the appeal court violated principle of double degree of proce...