background and objectives: efficient hospital management requires appropriate cost and price strategies. informed decision on costs and prices of healthcare services needs estimation of costs of unit services using microeconomic techniques. there is lack of knowledge and skills for such costing methods in the healthcare sector of developing countries such as iran. this study aims at detail desc...

BACKGROUND Disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) are a significant expenditure for treating multiple sclerosis (MS). However, there is limited report on assessment of the cost-utility of DMDs compared with symptom management in the presence of long-term data. This study aimed to assess the lifetime cost-utility from the Iranian healthcare perspectives of 4DMDs relative to symptom management alone in p...

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the effective solutions in the field of waste management in municipalities. The statistical population in this survey –based study consisted of the citizens that lived in Orumiyeh city in West Azerbaijan Province. By using Cochran formula, sample size was estimated to include 180 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The reliability ...

Today’s, a common problem in cities is increasing delay and reducing the speed of traffic. On the other wise increasing costs of acquisition in urban area are not allow new routes and highways. Also construction of new highway or street such as Imam Ali highway and Sadr highway in Tehran lead to develop new applications (such as BRT lane ,…) And become quickly saturate and less eff...

We present a stochastic optimal control approach to wildlife management. The objective value is the present value of hunting and meat, reduced by the present value of the costs of plant damages and traffic accidents caused by the wildlife population. First, general optimal control functions and value functions are derived. Then, numerically specified optimal control functions and value func...