R eduction of nonrevenue water use is currently a common goal for most water distribution systems. Nonrevenue water consists of water lost either through real losses (e.g., underground leakage) or through apparent losses (e.g., metering inaccuracies and unauthorized use). Reducing the apparent losses caused by meter inaccuracies at low flows can result in substantial short-term increases in uti...

Earth sustains its magnetic field by a dynamo process driven by convection in the liquid outer core. Geodynamo simulations have been successful in reproducing many observed properties of the geomagnetic field. However, although theoretical considerations suggest that flow in the core is governed by a balance between Lorentz force, rotational force, and buoyancy (called MAC balance for Magnetic,...

Fluid motions within planetary cores generate magnetic fields through dynamo action. These core processes are driven by thermo-compositional convection subject to the competing influences of rotation, which tends to organize the flow into axial columns, and the Lorentz force, which tends to inhibit the relative movement of the magnetic field and the fluid. It is often argued that these forces a...

Refrigerant mass flow rate is an important measurement for monitoring equipment performance and enabling fault detection and diagnostics. However, a traditional mass flow meter is expensive to purchase and install. A virtual refrigerant mass flow sensor (VRMF) uses a mathematical model to estimate flow rate using low-cost measurements and can potentially be implemented at low cost. This study e...

This paper deals with some problems of measurement error analysis for flow measurement by electromagnetic flow meter. Two main groups of errors are discussed. The first group of errors is caused by various flow parameters which differ from the flow characteristics during calibration. The authors present a new method of errors estimating, called the moving stream method that allows to estimate o...

Recently, it has been shown that under certain conditions, the Eyring-Powell fluid model can exhibit shearthickening properties without losing known Newtonian or shear-thinning properties. The and Modified fluids have great potential in enhancing armour production reducing cost of maintenance for bullet proof vests. Coriolis force, on other hand, explains natural phenomena such as direction cyc...

A robust fault diagnosis and validation strategy for temperature sensors and ow meters in central chilling plant is developed, which is based on the rst law of thermodynamics. The strategy evaluates soft sensor faults (biases) by examining and minimizing the sum of the squares of concerned mass or steady state energy balance residuals represented by the corrected measurement over a period. It c...