learning-oriented assessment seeks to emphasise that a fundamental purpose of assessment should be to promote learning. it mirrors formative assessment and assessment for learning processes. it can be defined as actions undertaken by teachers and / or students, which provide feedback for the improvement of teaching and learning. it also contrasts with equally important measurement-focused appro...

nowadays in trade and economic issues, prediction is proposed as the most important branch of science. existence of effective variables, caused various sectors of the economic and business executives to prefer having mechanisms which can be used in their decisions. in recent years, several advances have led to various challenges in the science of forecasting. economical managers in various fi...

Background and purpose: Irrational discharge of toxic waste in environment leads to contamination of water, soil and agricultural fields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination levels of cadmium, zinc, copper, lead, arsenic, and iron in the soil of two landfill area in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran province. Materials and methods: Soil sampling was carried out in a waste burying ar...

the present study investigated construct equivalence of multiple choice (mc) and constructed response (cr) item types across stem and content equivalent mc and cr items (item type ‘a’), non-stem-equivalent but content equivalent mc and cr items (item type ‘b’), and non-stem and non-content equivalent mc and cr items (item type ‘c’). one hundred seventy english-major undergraduates completed mc ...

Abstract Background and purpose: Heavy metals are the most important contaminants that enter the sea through rivers and shore zones and aggregate in the aquatic body through food chain. The purpose of this study was to compare the concentration of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, and nickel) in the muscle tissue of Banana shrimp as the most abundant used species in Bandar Abbas, an...