The electrodynamic properties of intense oceanic lightning discharges are compared to intense continental lightning discharges. Particularly intense negative lightning discharges with absolute charge moments > 2 kC·km occur more often over the oceans than over the continents during April 1998. Intense continental lightning discharges, with negative and positive polarity, and intense positive oc...

1036 10 MARCH 2017 • VOL 355 ISSUE 6329 and Bachan developed a model of seawater chemistry and pH over time scales exceeding ~100 million years. Their highly robust probabilistic history of seawater pH and chemistry reflects evolving properties of Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and crust. Seawater pH increased from early Archean values of ~6.5 to 7.0 to more recent values of ~7.5 to 9.0 mostly as ...

The apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells is important in seawater aspiration‑induced acute lung injury (ALI). The present study aimed to investigate whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is able to suppress apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells in seawater aspiration‑induced ALI in vivo and in vitro, and the possible mechanisms underlying it. The results indicated that seawater aspiratio...

Osmolality and circulating levels of estradiol-17P, thyroxine, androgens, progesterone, and sodium are measured concomitantly with determination of oocyte maturation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during the spawning season. Male and female salmon are held in both fresh water (their natural environment) and seawater (an unnatural environment) throughout the season. During the early stage...

objective neurodevelopmental disability is one of the most common problems of children referred to  pediatric neurology clinics. these children may suffer from speech delay, intellectual deficiency and behavioral disorder. some patients with neurodevelopomental delay, especially those with intellectual disability and speech problems, have abnormal electroencephalograms, without clinical seizure...

Despite significant theoretical advancement in the area of child neuropsychology, limited attention has been paid to the developmental features of adolescence. The present study intends to address this issue in relation to executive function (EF). EF refers to the psychological processes that underlie goal-directed behavior; recent studies separate cool EF (psychological process involves pure l...

The recent development of the chemical speciation of trace metals in seawater is described. The speciation studies reveal that metal ion complexation is one of the most important processes in seawater; especially, most bioactive trace metals, such as Fe(III) and Cu, exist as complexes with ligands in dissolved organic matter. The organic ligands in seawater are characterized with metal ions sel...

A number of previous studies of the fragmentation of self-gravitating protostellar discs have involved suites of simulations in which radiative cooling is modeled in terms of a cooling timescale (t cool) which is parameterised as a simple multiple (β cool) of the local dynamical timescale. Such studies have delineated the 'fragmentation boundary' in terms of a critical value of β cool (β crit) ...

INTRODUCTION Inflammation and pulmonary edema are involved in the pathogenesis of seawater aspiration-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Although several studies have reported that 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) suppresses inflammation, it has not been confirmed to be effective in seawater aspiration-induced ALI. Thus, we investigated the effect of calcitriol on seawater aspiration-induce...