We compared the effects of direct and indirect reinforcement contingencies on the performance of 6 individuals with profound developmental disabilities. Under both contingencies, completion of identical tasks (opening one of several types of containers) produced access to identical reinforcers. Under the direct contingency, the reinforcer was placed inside the container to be opened; under the ...

In this paper we present an overview of contingency tables, provide an introduction to the problems of almost uniform sampling and approximate counting, and show recent results achieved through the use of Markov chains. We focus specifically on contingency tables with two rows, since as of this time little progress has been made in achieving reasonable bounds on arbitrarily sized contingency ta...

In the area of power system planning and operation, contingency analysis plays an important role. In the present days, on-line security assessment is done by contingency ranking, with the help of various computer software, incorporating iterative method like Newton Raphson power flow for obtaining the magnitudes of different parameters. The motive of contingency ranking is to create a short lis...

Although practitioners have begun to implement Green IT into their companies, the governance of sustainable information systems varies significantly. Only little has been done to explain these differences in Green IT governance. Building upon contingency theory and IT governance, we develop a contingency model for Green IT governance which demonstrates the fit between contingencies and the comp...

Contingency management is a highly effective treatment for substance use and related disorders. However, few psychiatrists are familiar with this intervention or its application to a range of patient behaviours. This paper describes contingency management and evidence of its efficacy for reducing drug use. It then details areas in which contingency management interventions can be applied in the...

believe that a hallmark of good science is that it can be explained concisely in simple, jargon-free terms to a non-scientist. Karl von Frisch, the famous Nobel laureate who championed the study of honeybee behaviour, is said to have commented that a good scientific seminar should be organized in three parts. The first part should consist of material that the audience already knows, so that the...

Prior research showed that mere instructions about the contingency between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) can generate fear reactions to the CS. Little is known, however, about the extent to which actual CS-US contingency experience adds anything beyond the effect of contingency instructions. Our results extend previous studies on this topic in that it included f...

Abstract We present multiple factor analysis for contingency tables (MFACT) and its implementation in the FactoMineR package. This method, through an option of the MFA function, allows us to deal with multiple contingency or frequency tables, in addition to the categorical and quantitative multiple tables already considered in previous versions of the package. Thanks to this revised function, e...

In this paper, we propose a new counting scheme for m × n contingency tables. Our scheme is a modification of Dyer and Greenhill’s scheme for two rowed contingency tables [5]. We can estimate not only the sizes of error, but also the sizes of the bias of the number of tables obtained by our scheme, on the assumption that we have an approximate sampler. key words: counting, approximation, #P-com...

The two experiments reported examine the role of temporal contiguity on judgments of contingency in a human analogue of the Pavlovian task. The data show that the effect of the actual delay on contingency judgment depends on the observer's expectation regarding the delay. For a fixed contingency between the cue and the outcome, ratings of the contingency are higher when the actual delay is cong...