Growing populations and periodic drought conditions have exacerbated water stress in many areas worldwide. In response, some municipalities have considered desalination of saline water as a freshwater supply. Unfortunately, desalination requires a sizeable energy investment. However, renewable energy technologies can be paired with desalination to mitigate concern over the environmental impacts...

lack of sewage collection systems, percolation of surface waters, and seepage of wells have raised the groundwater table in shiraz area in the south of iran. the growing population generates environmental pollution resulting in the degradation of the quality of surface and groundwaters used for agriculture. inorganic and organic pollutants have been traced in shiraz water resources. heavy metal...

In the United States an estimated 140,000 Class II wells for salt water disposal and enhanced hydrocarbon recovery are presently injecting some 30 million barrels of brine per day into subsurface formations. While no systematic survey has documented the extent of shallow ground water contamination from these disposal practices, it is recognized as a major potential pollution source in leading h...

background and aims. as a result of poor quality of public water supply in many countries, people have recently turned to bottled water consumption, the fluoride content of which is not generally consistent among different brands. this study sought to measure the fluoride concentration of public water supply in comparison with commercial brands of mineral bottled water available in tehran, iran...

Current control strategies for avian influenza virus, exotic Newcastle disease, and other highly virulent poultry diseases often include surveillance, quarantine, depopulation, disposal, and disinfection. On-farm depopulation and disposal methods reduce potential movement of virus and improve biosecurity. Water-based foam depopulation was developed as a potential alternative mass emergency poul...

40 Dear sir, In general, environmental sanitation covers arrangements for drainage of rainwater and effluents, collection and disposal of garbage and removal of human excreta. The World Health organization (WHO) defines environmental sanitation as “the control of all those factors in man’s physical environment, which exercise or may exercise a deleterious effect on his physical development, hea...

Land disposal of poultry litter is an environmental concern often associated to excess phosphorus (P) in soils and potential water pollution in regions with intense poultry production. Although poultry litter can be moved off the farm and traded as fertilizer, its transportation becomes less economical with increasing distances from the farm. Thus, new litter management alternatives are needed ...

The provision of clean drinking water, sanitation and stormwater disposal has become a major challenge for the urban centres of the developing world. The number of cities with a population of more than 10 million has increased from one in 1950, to 16 in 2000, and is expected to increase to 21 by 2015. In 2000, 47.2% of the global population was urban, and this percentage is increasing steadily....