Recent police shootings in which multiple officers fired numerous rounds at suspects have led some observers to assert that such situations involve “contagious fire,” where an initial officer’s shots launch a cascade of gunfire from other officers present. Although there is anecdotal recognition of the contagious fire phenomenon among police and the media, there is not a single empirical study ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate cross protection provided by administration of contagious ecthyma vaccines against strains of orf virus in goats. ANIMALS 126 Boer-Spanish crossbred goats (3 to 20 days old). PROCEDURES 85 goats were vaccinated with a goat-derived contagious ecthyma vaccine. Of these, 41 were challenge exposed with the virus strain for the contagious ecthyma vaccine, 40 were challenge ...

This paper proposes a test for the existence and degree of contagious presenteeism and negative externalities in sickness insurance schemes. First, we theoretically decompose moral hazard into shirking and contagious presenteeism behavior and derive testable conditions. Then, we implement the test exploiting German sick pay reforms and administrative industry-level data on certified sick leave ...

The authors tested susceptibility to contagious yawning in 120 children, 1-6 years, to identify the time course of its emergence during development. Results indicated a substantial increase in the frequency of contagious yawning at 4 years. In a second study, the authors examined contagious yawning in 28 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), 6-15 years. Children with ASD showed diminis...

background: in recent years, there has been an increase in the amount and variety of data generated in the field of healthcare, (e.g., data related to the prevalence of contagious diseases in the society). various patterns of individuals’ relationships in the society make the analysis of the network a complex, highly important process in detecting and preventing the incidence of diseases. there...