We examined neuroadaptive changes in GABA(B) receptor binding following reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rat brain structures using a "yoked" procedure and quantitative autoradiographic analysis. To estimate the distribution of GABA(B) receptors in several brain areas, we used [(3)H]CGP 54626, a GABA(B) receptor antagonist. The binding of [(3)H]CGP 54626 in the nucleus accumbens and...

Effects of adrenaline (ADR) and the dihydropyridine Ca channel agonist CGP-IOS were studied on twitch and tetanic contractions of isolated tonic muscle fibres or small muscle fibre bundles containing tonic fibres of the frog Rana temporaria. Tetanization caused a gradual increase of tension between 10 and 70 Hz. CGP-IOS produced an increase in twitch amplitude. After CGP-IOS administration (2 x...

Embedded Cartesian Genetic Programming (ECGP) is an extension of Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) that can automatically acquire, evolve and re-use partial solutions in the form of modules. In this paper, we introduce for the first time a new multi-chromosome approach to CGP and ECGP that allows difficult problems with multiple outputs to be broken down into many smaller, simpler problems wi...

Here, we show the modulation of somatostatin functions in the hippocampus by the orally active 'cognition enhancer' GABA(B) receptor antagonist, (3-aminopropyl)n-butylphosphinic acid (CGP-36742), both in vivo and in vitro. Using high-pressure liquid chromatography-coupled electrospray mass spectrometry, we measured a two-fold increase in the extracellular level of somatostatin to CGP-36742 appl...

no tillage systems can reduce operating costs, enhance soil organic matter, ameliorate soil structure and prevent environmental damage caused by stubble burning. however, the lack of an appropriate direct drill for the hardened soil of arid areas reduces adequate soil-seed contact and, thus, the system has shown contradictory results in past tests. developing a direct drill to place the seed an...

Automatically classifying terrain such as rocks, sand and gravel from images is a challenging machine vision problem. In addition to human designed approaches, a great deal of progress has been made using machine learning techniques to perform classification from images. In this work, we demonstrate the first known use of Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) to this problem. Our CGP for Image Pr...

For many years now it has been known that Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP) does not exhibit program bloat. Two possible explanations have been proposed in the literature: neutral genetic drift and length bias. This paper empirically disproves both of these and thus, reopens the question as to why CGP does not suffer from bloat. It has also been shown for CGP that using a very large number of...

The Coarse-Graining Procedure (CGP) (Y. Chen and S. E. Parker, Physics of Plasmas 14, 082301 (2007)) is implemented in the GEM code for electrons. While CGP introduces numerical dissipation in the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, it is shown that CGP preserves physical dissipation effects such as the electron-ion collisional effects on the particle flux in Ion-Temperature-Gradient (ITG) driv...

Self Modifying CGP (SMCGP) is a developmental form of Cartesian Genetic Programming(CGP). It is able to modify its own phenotype during execution of the evolved program. This is done by the inclusion of modification operators in the function set. Here we present the use of the technique on several different sequence generation and regression problems.

BACKGROUND Given the unreliable self-report in patients with dementia, pain assessment should also rely on the observation of pain behaviors, such as facial expressions. Ideal observers should be well trained and should observe the patient continuously in order to pick up any pain-indicative behavior; which are requisitions beyond realistic possibilities of pain care. Therefore, the need for vi...